Microbiology Overview and Classification

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for producing proteins that are then transported out of the cell?

  • Lysosomes
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (correct)
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Mitochondria

What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

  • Cell division
  • Waste breakdown (correct)
  • Energy production
  • Protein synthesis

Which of these is a type of cell that is responsible for engulfing and destroying bacteria?

  • B-cells
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • T-cells
  • Plasma cells

What is the primary difference between nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms in the immune system?

<p>Nonspecific mechanisms are present at birth, while specific mechanisms develop over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation?

<p>Coldness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T-cells in the immune system?

<p>Recognizing and destroying specific antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of memory B-cells in the immune system?

<p>Remembering specific antigens and mounting a faster immune response upon re-exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

<p>They are capable of independent replication outside of host cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bacterial spores is TRUE?

<p>Spores are highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus in a cell?

<p>Packaging and modifying proteins for transport and secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of normal flora in a healthy individual?

<p>To compete with pathogens and prevent disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of transmission involves respiratory droplets traveling less than one meter?

<p>Droplet Transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of indirect contact transmission?

<p>Touching a contaminated handkerchief (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transmission is characterized by the movement of pathogens through arthropods?

<p>Vector Transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of transient flora?

<p>They remain for an extended period before disappearing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms are considered prokaryotic and lack a true nucleus?

<p>Bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes viruses from all other microorganisms?

<p>They lack a cellular structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the life cycle of bacteria?

<p>Spores are a dormant form of bacteria that can survive harsh conditions and later germinate to form vegetative cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Archaea and Bacteria?

<p>Archaea are typically found in extreme environments, while bacteria are not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

<p>DNA is located in a nucleoid region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is known to be a plant pathogen lacking a protein coat?

<p>Viroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a metabolically active form of bacteria?

<p>Vegetative cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of prions that differentiates them from viruses?

<p>Prions lack nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), while viruses contain nucleic acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Transient Flora

Microorganisms that temporarily inhabit the body, lasting hours to months.

Opportunistic Pathogens

Normal flora that cause disease when balance is disrupted.

Contact Transmission

Pathogen transfer through direct contact between hosts or via fomite.

Vector Transmission

Pathogen spread through animals, especially insects like mosquitoes.

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Airborne Transmission

Infectious agents traveling through the air for more than 1 meter.

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Microbiology

The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification.

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Microorganisms

Tiny living organisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

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Prokaryotes

Unicellular organisms with no nucleus, like bacteria.

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Eukaryotes

Organisms with a mature nucleus, includes algae and fungi.

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Sporulation

Process by which some bacteria form resistant spores.

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Taxonomy

The formal classification and naming system for living organisms.

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Prions

Infectious proteins that can cause diseases, lack nucleic acids.

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Bioremediation

Using microbes to clean up polluted environments.

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Germination

The process where spores change to vegetative form when conditions improve.

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Mitochondria

Organelles that produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

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Ribosomes

Small RNA structures for protein synthesis, found free or on ER.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network for lipid and protein synthesis, exists in smooth and rough forms.

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Golgi Apparatus

Flat sacs that package and ship proteins and lipids within the cell.

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Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes to break down waste and pathogens.

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Phagocytosis

The process where cells engulf and digest particles or pathogens.

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Inflammation

Body's nonspecific response to injury, marked by swelling, redness, and pain.

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Cell-mediated Immunity

Immune response primarily involving T-cells against viruses and fungi.

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Antibody-mediated Immunity

Immune response involving B-cells and the production of antibodies against bacteria.

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Study Notes

Microbiology

  • Study of organisms too small to see without magnification
  • Originated with the invention of the microscope
  • Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms), algae, prions

Branches of Study

  • Immunology
  • Public health microbiology and epidemiology
  • Food, dairy, and aquatic microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology
  • Manipulating genes

Microbes' Roles

  • Nutrient production and energy flow
  • Decomposition
  • Biotechnology (food, drugs, vaccines)
  • Genetic engineering
  • Bioremediation
  • Infectious disease

Classification of Microorganisms (Protists)

Cellular

  • Prokaryotes: Lack a true nucleus (pro=before, karyon=nucleus)
    • Archaea, bacteria, blue-green algae
  • Eukaryotes: With a true nucleus
    • Algae (excluding blue-green), fungi, protozoans

Non-Cellular

  • Viruses, viroids, prions

Taxonomy

  • Formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living organisms

  • Bacteria: Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms

  • Archaea: Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms living in extreme environments

  • Algae: Eukaryotic organisms, unicellular or multicellular

  • Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms, unicellular or multicellular

  • Protozoa: Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular organisms

  • Viruses: Noncellular, seen only with electron microscopy; consist of NA surrounded by a protein coat

Bacterial Life Cycle

  • Vegetative Form: Metabolically active, growing, multiplying; causes infection
  • Spore Form: Inert, resting, non-growing; highly resistant

Cytoplasmic Organelles

  • Mitochondria: Power site, contains ATP
  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Involved in lipid and protein synthesis
  • Golgi Apparatus: Packaging center
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes
  • Centrioles: Involved in cell division
  • Cilia: Short, hair-like structures for movement
  • Flagella: Long, whip-like structures for movement
  • Chloroplasts: Convert sunlight to chemical energy (photosynthesis)

Defense Mechanisms

  • Nonspecific: Act against all harmful agents; provides resistance
  • Specific: Act against certain agents; provides immunity; lacking resistance is called susceptibility
  • Virulence: degree of pathogenicity or disease-provoking power of a microbe

Modes of Transmission

  • Contact: Direct (physical touch), Indirect (via fomites)
  • Droplet: Respiratory droplets (<1 meter)
  • Airborne: Respiratory droplets (>1 meter)
  • Water-borne/Food-borne: Contaminated water/food
  • Vector-borne: Animals carrying pathogens

Applied Microbiology

  • Food production (yogurt, bread, wine, beer)
  • Water treatment
  • Pharmaceutical agents (penicillin)
  • Bioremediation
  • Forensics (medicine, crime)
  • Energy (ethanol, methane)

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