Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections

<p>By whether they are fimbrial or afimbrial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 pili and P- or Pap-pili (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gardnerella vaginalis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multilocus sequence typing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Escherichia coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Young, sexually active females (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotic treatment targeted at specific organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient’s age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycoplasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staphylococcus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treponema pallidum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neisseria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obligate anaerobes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ureaplasma urealyticum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactobacillus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlamydia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adherence of bacteria to bladder epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishment of a protected niche (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylation of UPIII (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 to 17 bacteria per cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early stages of pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rod (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It slows down, leading to doubling times greater than 60 minutes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases uropathogenic bacterial colonization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>22% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slower growth rate with associated physiological changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They affect an individual's susceptibility to a UTI. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protection from environmental challenges such as antimicrobial agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal changes can lead to increased risk of recurrent cystitis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It blocks bacterial binding to uroplakin receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of antimicrobial and spermicidal agents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is present in extraordinarily high concentrations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IBC phase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It persists for a considerable amount of time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4-16 hours. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may increase the risk of colonization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular feedback. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16-24 hours. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A type of Escherichia coli bacteria that commonly causes urinary tract infections.

Infections caused by bacteria not stemming from the intestines, such as urinary tract infections.

A specific sequence type of Escherichia coli, often associated with multidrug-resistant infections.

Infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to multiple types of antibiotics.

Infections of the urinary system, including the bladder, ureters, kidneys, and urethra.

Bacteria's ability to withstand the effects of fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

A type of bacterium that can cause infections, one such infection being a urinary tract infection.

A type of bacteria that causes infections, one such infection being a urinary tract infection, mostly present in young, active females.

Bacteria that need to live inside a host cell to survive.

A type of bacteria that causes infections in the urinary and reproductive tract.

A bacteria lacking a cell wall. Its simpler structure allows it to survive inside cells.

Bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain in a Gram stain test.

Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain in a Gram stain test.

Spiral-shaped bacteria, some of which cause diseases.

Bacteria lacking a cell wall, and often causing infections of the urinary tract.

A bacterium causing syphilis.

A type of pilus found in pyelonephritogenic UPEC strains that allows for attachment to the kidney.

Molecules on bacteria that help them attach to tissues in the urinary tract.

A specific interaction between bacteria and tissues determining infection location and organism.

Bacterial adhesins displayed on rigid fimbriae or pili.

The ability of certain bacteria to clump red blood cells in a way not affected by mannose.

A specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associated with an increased risk of recurring urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Proteins found on the surface of bladder epithelial cells that act as receptors for uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) bacteria.

A protein found on the surface of UPEC that binds to uroplakins, initiating the attachment process.

A chemical modification of the uroplakin protein UPIII, triggered by FimH binding. This leads to increased intracellular calcium.

Small clusters of UPEC bacteria that form within the bladder epithelial cells after invasion.

Premenopausal women are particularly vulnerable to bladder infections due to hormonal changes and fluctuating receptivity to UPEC.

The first part of the menstrual cycle before ovulation, associated with higher receptivity to UPEC and potentially increased UTI risk.

UPEC can persist in the bladder by invading the superficial cells and forming IBCs, allowing them to evade the host's immune system.

The process where bacteria like E. coli bind to the lining of the urinary tract, a key step in causing UTIs.

Changes in hormone levels, especially estrogen, can affect how likely someone is to get a UTI.

Women over 65 are more susceptible to UTIs because of changes in their bodies, including hormone levels.

When E. coli enters the bladder, it changes shape and grows more slowly, becoming part of a sticky community called a biofilm.

The biofilm, a protective shield, helps bacteria resist antibiotics and the body's defenses.

The presence of certain blood type markers on the bladder lining can influence if someone is more likely to get a UTI.

Bacteria invading bladder cells and forming a 'community' inside them, multiplying and spreading.

In some UTIs, IBCs can be found in urine samples, indicating a bacterial infection within the bladder cells.

Bacteria that cause urinary tract infections (UTIs).

The presence of uropathogens in the urethra, which can lead to UTIs.

A protein produced by the kidneys that helps prevent UTIs by binding to bacteria and preventing them from attaching to the bladder.

Hair-like structures on the surface of some bacteria that allow them to attach to the bladder.

Areas on the surface of bacteria that bind to the sugar mannose, which can be found on the bladder lining.

Receptors on the bladder lining that bacteria can bind to using their type 1 pili.

Medications that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Substances that kill sperm, but can also alter the normal bacterial flora in the urethra.

The usual population of bacteria that live in a particular environment, like the urethra.

A series of steps that uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) undergo during a UTI, starting with attachment to the bladder and ending with the formation of intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs).