Microbiology: Microorganisms and Disease

Chapter 1

• Microorganisms have benefits, including preventing food spoilage and disease, and understanding disease transmission to prevent epidemics
• Pathogenic microorganisms produce disease and include fungi, bacteria, protozoa/viruses
• Microbial nomenclature includes genus and species
• Bacterial names such as Escherichia Coli are initially written in full, and can be shortened to E. Coli after their first use
• Bacterial names often reflect the bacteria's environment or traits, such as *E-*genus and Coli-species
• Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that stick to surfaces, forming protective layers that can cause infections that are difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance
• The "magic bullet" theory entails a "magic bullet" that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host
• Chemotherapy involves treating diseases with chemicals that can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics
• Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) describes new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence when a pathogen invades a host and overcomes host resistance, such as Zika virus and Ebola (IMRSA)
• Biogenesis is the hypothesis that living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells
• Louis Pasteur's experiments disproved spontaneous generation, showing that life arises from pre-existing cells
• Spontaneous generation describes life that can arise spontaneously from non-living matter, such as from dead corpses or soil
• Bacteriology is the study of bacteria
• Mycology is the study of fungi
• Virology is the study of viruses
• Immunology is the study of immunity
• Parasitology is the study of protozoa/parasitic worms
• Archaea characteristics

Chapter 2

• Exchange involves synthesis or decomposition
• Atoms are neutral, while ions are charged
• Positive ions are cations, while negative ions are anions
• Ionic bonds transfer when one atom transfers electrons, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other
• Chemical bonds include Hydrogen bonds, Covalent bonds, and Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen is bonded to O or N
• Robert Hooke is associated with the beginning of cell theory
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek is the first to observe microsomes
• Louis Pasteur studied microorganisms in the air
• Robert Koch studied bacterium that causes anthrax
• Edward Jenner discovered immunity
• Paul Erlich developed the magic bullet
• Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic
• Ignaz Semmelweis advocated for handwashing
• Joseph Lister discovered antiseptic wound treatment
• Synthesis (A+B→AB) involves small molecules combining to make a larger one
• Decomposition (AB→A+B) involves a large molecule breaking apart into smaller ones
• Exchange (NaOH+HCl→H2O) involves the swapping of elements
• Reverse (A+B⇄AB) involves a reaction going both forwards and backwards
• Dehydration synthesis builds molecules by removing water
• Hydrolysis breaks them down by adding water
• Water is inorganic and a polar molecule with unequal distribution of charges
• A polar solvent allows substances to undergo dissociation in water, forming solutes with the formula HCl→H++Cl-
• Acids are substances that dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions
• Bases produce hydroxide ions in water with narrow pH range
• A lower pH is more acidic
• Carbohydrates are monomers that are cell structures or cellular energy sources (sugar)
• Lipids contain fatty acids and glycerol
• Proteins are Amino Acids
• Nucleic Acids consist of Nucleotides
• Simple lipids (fats/triglycerides) are saturated fats with no double bond
• Unsaturated fats contain single or more double bond
• Complex lipids are phosopholipids with 2 fatty acids and phosphate groups
• Peptide bonds between amino acids form by dehydration Synthesis
• Primary structure is a polypeptide chain
• Secondary structure is when amino acid chains fold and coil
• Tertiary structure is when helix sheets fold irregularly
• Quaternary structure consists of 2 or more polypeptides

Chapter 4

• Microbes attach to surfaces and move through specialized hair-like structures called Pili (fimbriae)
• Types of transport include diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, exocytosis, and endocytosis
• Filtration is also a method of transport
• Hypotonic is a lower concentration
• Hypertonic is a higher concentration
• Isotonic is when there is no net flow of water
• Bacterial cell shapes include Bacilli (rod shape), Vibrio (curved), Spirilla (spiral), Spirochetes (Spiral), filamentous (long/narrow), Cocci (round), and Coccobacilli (oval)
• Bacterial capsules help bacteria stick to surfaces and other bacteria and can contribute to the disease
• Peptidoglycan makes up cell walls of most bacteria (sugar/amino acids)
• Gram-positive cells have multiple layers and stain purple
• Gram-negative cells have one single layer and stain pink/red
• Gram-positive cells are made of polysaccharide
• Gram-negative cells are made of lipopolysaccharide
• Acid-fast organisms have a waxy lipid (mycolic acid) and are Mycobacterium
• Acid fast stain occurs often
• Cell structures and cell organelles include the plasma membrane (cytoplasm), Phospholipid bilayer with Proteins, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Golgi, ribosomes, lysosomes
• All extracellular structures are also included
• Endosymbiotic theory proposes that larger cells engulfed smaller cells, creating mitochondria/chloroplasts in eukaryotes
• Mitochondria are prokaryotic
• Cholorplasts provide safety for larger cells
• Lysosomes are vesicles formed in the Golgi Complex that contain digestive enzymes
• Peroxisomes oxidize fatty acids and destroy H2O2
• Cytoskeletal elements are made of microfilaments & intermediate filaments, which give shape & support
• Cell membrane is a semipermeable barrier that protects/regulates the cell
• Endospores are resting cells produced when nutrients are depleted and are resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemicals
• Bacillus and Clostridium produce endospores
• Sporulation refers to endospore formation
• Germination is when an endosperm returns to a vegetative state

Chapter 5

• Enzymes belong in proteins
• Glycolysis requires glucose and produces 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP (net gain) and 2 NADH
• Energy investment phase requires ATP
• Energy payoff will release ATP
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that act on a specific substrate and lower the activation energy
• The enzyme is unchanged and can react with other substances
• Enzymes often end in -ase
• Denaturation is the process of unfolding or breaking a protein structure when exposed to heat or chemicals
• Competitive inhibition of enzymes occurs at an active enzyme site
• Noncompetitive inhibition involves interaction at another part of the enzyme
• Photophosphorylation and its products produce ATP from ADP with energy
• Feedback inhibition entails the end-product of a reaction inhibiting enzymes from earlier in the pathway
• Oxidation removes electrons
• Reduction gains electrons
• Chemiosmosis is a process in cellular respiration/photosynthesis where movement of protons across a membrane generates ATP
• Aerobic respiration includes Gylcolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain.
• Gylcolysis involves sugar splitting in cytoplasm and requires ATP/NADH
• Krebs Cycle generates more ATP and NADH
• NADH/FADH2 fuel the Election Transport Chain
• Fermentation and products include lactic acid fermentation, which produces lactic acid and alcohol fermentation, which produces ethanol +CO2
• No oxygen is consumed
• In fermentation, produce only small ATP, No use for Krebs Cycle /ETC
• Photoautotrophs require light and CO2
• Oxygenic Photoautotrophs include cyanobacteria and plants
• Anoxygenic Photoeterotroph, compounds Ex Green bacteria/purple nonsulfur bacteria
• Chemoautotrophs require inorganic chemicals and CO2
• Ex) Iron-oxidizing bacteria
• Glucose is broken down, producing a small amount of ATP
• More ATP is generated via
• the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
• with oxygen as final electron acceptor.
• NADH FADH2 Carry electrons on to Protein
• Electrons being transfer to next next creates
• Proton gradient.
• Aerobic with oxygen
• Hydrogen pumped out & Diffed back in-schemical mosis