Microorganisms: Infectious Disease Chapter 5 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a true sterilizing agent?

  • Antiseptics
  • Glutaraldehyde (correct)
  • Autoclaving
  • Disinfectants

    • What is the period of time between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms?

  • Acute stage
  • Prodromal period
  • Period of convalescence
  • Incubation period (correct)

    • Which of the following indicates an infection has spread beyond the initial site?

  • Focal infection
  • Subclinical infection
  • Systemic infection (correct)
  • Local infection

    • Which type of infection is characterized by a slow onset and prolonged duration?

    <p>Chronic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Kirby Bauer test?

    <p>To determine antibiotic sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell typically increases in an acute infection?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most prevalent type of influenza virus?

    <p>Influenza A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structure of bacteria?

    <p>Unicellular organisms that divide by binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'diplo' mean in the context of bacteria?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria has a large peptidoglycan layer without an outer membrane?

    <p>Gram positive bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are spirochetes known for in terms of movement?

    <p>Having an axial filament for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Strepto' indicate in the context of bacterial naming?

    <p>Chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component may be present in some bacteria to protect them from phagocytosis?

    <p>Capsule or slime layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes gram positive bacteria from gram negative bacteria in terms of their cell wall structure?

    <p>'Open-faced sandwich' structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pili primarily used for in bacteria?

    <p>Transferring genetic information during conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacterial toxin can cause gastrointestinal distress and vomiting?

    <p>Enterotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is responsible for causing tetanus?

    <p>Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Rickettsia bacteria?

    <p>Insect vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses?

    <p>They have a protein coat called a capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of amebic dysentery?

    <p>Entamoeba histolytica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungal infection is commonly referred to as 'ringworm'?

    <p>Tinea corporis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica?

    <p>Fecal-oral transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be used to kill the cysts of Entamoeba histolytica?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common helminth (worm) infection that can affect children?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the normal flora in the body?

    <p>To prevent pathogens from growing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an 'opportunistic' infection?

    <p>E. coli in the urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between an infectious disease and a genetic disease?

    <p>Infectious diseases are caused by microbes, while genetic diseases are caused by mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of pathogenicity?

    <p>The ability or capacity to cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom of early-stage Chlamydia trachomatis infection?

    <p>Painful urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of virulence?

    <p>The degree of pathogenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium most likely spread?

    <p>Via vaginal, oral, and anal sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is associated with Chlamydia trachomatis that can cause pelvic pain and fever?

    <p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a change in the genetic composition of an organism?

    <p>Plasmids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective treatment for early-stage Chlamydia trachomatis infection?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the virulence of a pathogen?

    <p>Ability to replicate rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common symptoms of a Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men?

    <p>Testicular pain and discharge from the penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization publishes the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)?

    <p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ can be affected by a chlamydia infection leading to pain during or after sex?

    <p>Prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of multidrug resistant pathogens being monitored?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can untreated Chlamydia trachomatis infection lead to in women?

    <p>Infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a chlamydia infection affect newborns during delivery?

    <p>Cause pneumonia or serious eye infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can Chlamydia trachomatis infect depending on a person's sexual activity, other than the genitals?

    <p>Eyes, throat, or rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common symptoms of chlamydia infection in women?

    <p>Vaginal itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Universal Precautions and Infection Control

    • Universal precautions provide guidelines for infected fluids and waste
    • Sterilization: killing all forms of life; autoclaving (steam under pressure) is very effective at sterilizing and killing endospores
    • Disinfectants are used on non-living surfaces
    • Glutaraldehyde is a very effective disinfectant and is considered a true sterilizing agent
    • Antiseptics are used on living tissue (e.g. isopropyl alcohol is used on tissue before giving IV or injection and is also used in hand sanitizer)

    Physiology of Infection

    • Infectious agents can be present long before clinical signs or symptoms appear
    • Incubation period: the time between exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms (e.g. 14 days for measles and chickenpox)
    • Prodromal period: early symptoms (e.g. fever, achy muscles)
    • Acute stage: full-blown symptoms
    • Period of convalescence: recovery and return to previous state of good health

    Patterns of Infection

    • Local: confined to one area (e.g. mosquito bite or pimple)
    • Focal: once local, but spreads to surrounding areas
    • Systemic: enters the bloodstream
    • Septicemia: bacteria or other pathogens multiply in the bloodstream
    • Bacteremia: bacteria in the blood
    • Toxemia: toxins in the blood
    • Fungemia: fungus in the blood
    • Viremia: virus in the blood
    • Mixed infection: more than one pathogen
    • Acute infection: symptoms and signs appear quickly and are short-lived
    • Chronic infection: symptoms and signs are slow to appear and last longer
    • Primary infection: initial or first exposure
    • Secondary infection: follows primary infection, usually with another organism (e.g. opportunistic infection)
    • Subclinical infection: no apparent signs or symptoms, can persist for a long time, may be a carrier

    Signs and Symptoms

    • Signs: visible (e.g. fever, rash)
    • Symptoms: only noticed by the patient (e.g. stomachache, pain)

    Methods of Diagnosis

    • Culture and stain organisms from blood or fluid sample
    • Kirby-Bauer (antibiotic sensitivity) to determine if antibiotic will be effective
    • MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration)
    • Blood tests (e.g. leukocytosis, elevated WBC count; leukopenia, lowered WBC count)
    • Neutrophils increase with acute infections, lymphocytes and monocytes increase with chronic infections
    • C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are elevated in inflammation
    • Rapid tests to identify Strep and MRSA
    • Radiologic examination to assist diagnosis (e.g. lung congestion in one lobe indicates pneumococcal pneumonia)

    Treatment and Antimicrobial Drugs

    • Increasing use of antibiotics has led to increased resistance
    • Take medicine as directed and complete the full course
    • Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections, with few exceptions

    Example of Infection: Influenza

    • Viral infection that can affect upper and lower respiratory systems
    • Can be complicated by secondary bacterial infections like pneumonia
    • Mortality rate higher with secondary infection, especially in the elderly and those with chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases
    • RNA viruses; classified into three groups: A, B, and C
    • Mutate frequently, making it hard to find a vaccine that works consistently

    Microorganisms

    • Bacteria: prokaryotic (no true nucleus); pathogenic bacteria cause disease
    • Viruses: obligate intracellular parasites; need a host to multiply; have a protein coat called a capsid
    • Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae, and Mycoplasmas: replicate by binary fission, but require a host for reproduction
    • Fungi: eukaryotic organisms that can cause infections (mycoses)
    • Protozoa: more complex eukaryotic organisms that are usually parasites
    • Helminths (worms): often seen in stool samples; can be spread through fecal-oral route

    Normal Flora

    • Normal colonies of bacteria found on and in the body
    • Microbes like E. coli in the gut help provide vitamin K
    • Normal flora helps keep pathogens away due to competition
    • Resistant or normal flora help keep pathogens away due to competition

    Principles of Infection

    • Infection: microbe reproduces in host
    • Infectious disease is not the same as genetic disease, geriatric disease, etc.
    • Endemic disease occurs consistently in an area
    • Epidemic: disease occurs outside normal area (spreads rapidly)
    • Pandemic: disease spreads worldwide (e.g. flu, COVID-19)

    Transmission of Infectious Agents

    • Reservoir: harbors disease in environment (e.g. movie "Contagion" with flying fruit bat as reservoir)
    • Carrier: harbors the disease (may or may not get sick)
    • Subclinical: mild infection with few to no symptoms or signs
    • Reservoir may be food, water, soil, animal, person
    • Direct contact: touching; indirect contact: uses an intermediary like a door knob or tissue
    • Droplet transmission: oral or respiratory droplets travel less than 1 meter from host
    • Airborne transmission: droplets travel more than 1 meter
    • Vector-borne: insect or animal is intermediary host (e.g. mosquito with malaria)

    Handwashing Helps Prevent Spread of Infection

    • Especially with direct and indirect contact
    • Nosocomial infections are hospital-acquired
    • Clostridium difficile (C-diff) infections are common in ICUs where patients are taking antibiotics
    • MRSA is also becoming a problem in hospitals

    Host Resistance

    • Factors that decrease host resistance: age, genetic susceptibility, immunosuppression, malnutrition, chronic diseases, physical or emotional stress, inflammation or trauma
    • Impaired inflammatory response
    • Virulence and pathogenicity: ability to cause disease
    • Mutation is a change in genetic composition of an organism

    New Issues Affecting Infection

    • Superbugs and emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are monitored by the CDC and WHO
    • CDC publishes MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)
    • Guidelines for healthcare facilities to manage, screen, and treat serious infections that may lead to a pandemic

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on microorganisms and infectious diseases with this quiz covering bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and viruses. Learn about the types of microorganisms, their structures, growth needs, and how they cause diseases.

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