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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of topoisomerase or gyrase in DNA replication?
What is the primary function of topoisomerase or gyrase in DNA replication?
What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?
What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?
What is the purpose of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
What is the purpose of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
What is the function of endonucleases in DNA replication?
What is the function of endonucleases in DNA replication?
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What is the purpose of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
What is the purpose of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
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What is the result of the action of replication enzymes in DNA replication?
What is the result of the action of replication enzymes in DNA replication?
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What is the consequence of improperly base-paired nucleotides in DNA replication?
What is the consequence of improperly base-paired nucleotides in DNA replication?
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What is the significance of semi-conservative replication?
What is the significance of semi-conservative replication?
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What is the primary function of helicase in DNA replication?
What is the primary function of helicase in DNA replication?
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Which enzyme is responsible for removing introns and splicing exons together?
Which enzyme is responsible for removing introns and splicing exons together?
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What is the role of transposase in DNA replication?
What is the role of transposase in DNA replication?
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What is the purpose of methylase in DNA replication?
What is the purpose of methylase in DNA replication?
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What is the primary component of a nucleotide?
What is the primary component of a nucleotide?
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What is the term used to describe the relationship between the two strands of DNA?
What is the term used to describe the relationship between the two strands of DNA?
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Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template?
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template?
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What is the function of photolyase in DNA repair?
What is the function of photolyase in DNA repair?
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What is the primary function of the sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA?
What is the primary function of the sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA?
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What is the result of DNA replication?
What is the result of DNA replication?
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What is the basis of the complementary structure of DNA?
What is the basis of the complementary structure of DNA?
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What is the role of the nitrogenous bases in DNA replication?
What is the role of the nitrogenous bases in DNA replication?
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What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
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What is the result of the specific base pairing in DNA?
What is the result of the specific base pairing in DNA?
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Study Notes
Structure of DNA
- A DNA molecule is composed of repeating units called nucleotides, each consisting of a nucleobase, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
- The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA has a nitrogenous base attached to each sugar, and these bases always pair in a specific way: adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine.
Double Helix Structure
- The two strands of DNA are antiparallel, meaning one strand's sugar-phosphate backbone is upside down relative to the other strand.
- The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between their nitrogenous bases, making them complementary.
DNA Replication
- DNA replication involves the conversion of one parental double-stranded DNA molecule into two identical daughter molecules.
- The complementary structure of nitrogenous base sequences allows one strand to act as a template for the production of the other strand.
Process of DNA Replication
- The double helix of parental DNA separates, and hydrogen bonds form between new complementary nucleotides and each strand of the parental template.
- Enzymes catalyze the formation of sugar-phosphate bonds between sequential nucleotides on each resulting daughter strand.
Enzymes Involved in DNA Replication
- Topoisomerase or gyrase relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork.
- Helicase unwinds the double-stranded DNA, and enzymes match free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the single-stranded parental DNA.
- DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA, proofreads, and repairs DNA.
- Other enzymes involved in DNA replication, expression, and repair include DNA ligase, endonucleases, exonucleases, methylase, photolyase, primase, ribozyme, RNA polymerase, snRNP, and transposase.
Genes and RNA Transcription
- Genes are composed of exons (expressed regions) and introns (intervening regions that do not encode protein).
- RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA transcript containing copies of introns, and snRNPs remove the introns and splice the exons together.
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Description
Explore the composition of DNA, including nucleotides, nucleobases, deoxyribose, and phosphate groups. Learn about the structure of DNA within a cell.
