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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of microbiology?
How are microorganisms divided according to their structure?
What are Eukaryotes?
What are viruses?
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What are Prokaryotes?
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What is the main function of the bacterial cell wall?
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What is the function of the plasmid in a bacterial cell?
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What is the role of the cytoplasmic membrane in a bacterial cell?
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What is the function of the cell structure mentioned?
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What is the function of the ribosome in a bacterial cell?
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What type of substances does the cell structure protect against?
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What is the outcome if the cell structure fails to function?
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What is the function of the flagella in a bacterial cell?
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What is the function of the pili in a bacterial cell?
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What is NOT a function of the cell structure?
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What is the function of the chromosome in a bacterial cell?
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What is the relationship between the cell structure and antibodies?
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Why is the bacterial cell wall important?
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What is the classification of bacteria based on?
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What is characteristic of Gram positive bacteria?
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What is the function of Teichoic acids?
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What is the main component of the cell wall in Gram positive bacteria?
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What is the main difference between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria?
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What is the characteristic of the cell wall in Gram positive bacteria?
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What is the relationship between Teichoic acids and peptidoglycan?
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What is the term for the thick layer in Gram positive bacteria?
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What is the characteristic of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria?
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What is the difference in the outer membrane between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
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Which type of toxin is produced by Gram-positive bacteria?
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What is the characteristic of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria?
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Why are Gram-negative bacteria more virulent?
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What is the characteristic of lipopolysaccharides?
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Which type of antibiotics are Gram-positive bacteria susceptible to?
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What is the characteristic of teichoic acids?
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Study Notes
Microbiology
- Microbiology is the science that deals with the study of microorganisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye.
Classification of Microorganisms
- Microorganisms can be classified into three categories based on their structure:
- Eukaryotes (have a nuclear membrane)
- Prokaryotes (do not have a nuclear membrane)
- Viruses (not a cell, just a genetic material inside a membrane)
Bacterial Cell Structure
- Components of a bacterial cell:
- Cell wall
- Cytoplasmic membrane
- Chromosome
- Plasmid
- Ribosome
- Flagella
- Pili
Function of Bacterial Cell Wall
- Provides support for the cell's characteristic shape
- Protects the plasma membrane and other cytoplasmic inclusions from adverse environments
- Provides support for attachment to the flagella
- Rescues the cell from antibodies and harmful chemicals
Classification of Bacteria
- Bacteria can be classified into two large groups based on their cell wall structure:
- Gram positive bacteria
- Gram negative bacteria
Characteristics of Gram Positive Bacteria
- Thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall
- Simpler chemical structure with a thick peptidoglycan layer
- Teichoic acids are intertwined among the peptidoglycan and are the major surface antigen determinants
Characteristics of Gram Negative Bacteria
- Thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall
- More complex chemical structure with a thin peptidoglycan layer
- Rich in lipids and have an outer membrane consisting of a lipid bilayer with phosphate and proteins
- No teichoic acids in their cell wall
Difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
- Gram positive bacteria:
- No outer membrane
- Thick peptidoglycan layer
- Teichoic acids present
- Less virulent
- Susceptible to cell wall targeting antibiotics
- One layer in the cell wall
- No lipopolysaccharides
- Produce exotoxins
- Gram negative bacteria:
- Outer membrane present
- Thin peptidoglycan layer
- Teichoic acids absent
- More virulent
- Resistant to cell wall targeting antibiotics
- Two layers in the cell wall
- Lipopolysaccharides present
- Produce endotoxins
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Description
Explore the science of microbiology, studying microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye, including their classification into prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
