Microbiology in Food Production

<p>Protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a source of crude or refined protein for animal feed and human food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Waste materials such as molasses, agricultural, and kitchen wastes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rate of fermentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic engineering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methylophilus methylotrophus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fermentation using propionic bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baker's yeast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A spiral-shaped cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding Streptococcus cremoris to pasteurized skim milk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a filamentous texture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To block an enzyme essential for plant growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By introducing a gene for glyphosate breakdown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolution of resistance by the insect pests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It infects plant cells to transfer DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maize (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growing them on a medium with an antibiotic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BT-Cotton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential damage to other insect species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To carry electrical signals from living organisms to storage devices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring food quality for aflatoxins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through DNA analysis of specimens to establish relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They only measure pollutants in water sources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood, saliva, and hair samples (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Handheld systems that detect aflatoxins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve as unique identifiers for individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are complex organic compounds synthesized by the microorganisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteriostatic antibiotics prevent bacteria from reproducing, while bacteriocidal antibiotics kill the bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animal cells lack cell walls and have different protein production structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Streptomyces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It introduced the concept of using a naturally occurring substance as an antibiotic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different mutant forms of Penicillium are now used to produce it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Streptomycin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi and bacteria found in the soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To develop proteins that are toxic to insects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animals that express recombinant DNA to produce human proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating plants with desirable traits such as disease resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To confirm they are safe for human consumption and the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing identical copies of genes, cells, or organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human α-antitrypsin and Human protein C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may share foreign genes with other species in the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce identical copies with desirable characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A method of increasing food production using microorganisms.

A protein source derived from single-celled organisms, like bacteria, algae, or fungi.

A type of SCP made from the fungus Fusarium venenatum, known for having a texture resembling meat.

A spiral-shaped cyanobacterium, often sold as a health food, that serves as a nutrient source in some regions.

Vitamins, like vitamin C and B12, are produced using fermentation processes that involve bacteria.

A popular dairy product made by adding Streptococcus cremoris to pasteurized skim milk, resulting in fermented sourness.

Cream that is fermented by adding certain bacteria, like Streptococcus lactis, to achieve a tangy flavor.

The process of using microorganisms to convert milk into yogurt, with the help of bacteria like Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus.

Yeast, a type of fungus, plays a crucial role in bread making. It ferments sugar, producing carbon dioxide that causes dough to rise. This process also generates subtle flavors in the bread.

The fermentation of sugar by yeast in bread dough creates carbon dioxide and water. This process is aerobic, meaning it happens in the presence of oxygen.

Lactic acid bacteria, like Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, play a significant role in developing specific flavors in bread. They contribute to the characteristic tang of sourdough bread and add a unique taste to rye bread.

A traditional sourdough starter is a mixture of flour and water left to ferment naturally. This fermentation occurs due to the presence of wild yeasts and bacteria in the environment, like those found in the air, on the grain, or even on the baker's hands.

Genetic engineering involves making changes to an organism's DNA by introducing DNA from another organism. It's used to create transgenic organisms with altered traits, such as crops resistant to pests or animals producing specific pharmaceuticals.

Animal breeding focuses on improving the genetic characteristics of livestock. By carefully selecting and breeding animals with desirable traits, breeders can enhance productivity and other desired qualities in future generations.

Transgenic animals and plants are created using genetic engineering techniques. These organisms have had foreign DNA inserted into their genomes, resulting in modifications to their traits, such as disease resistance or improved crop yield.

Genetic engineering plays a role in the production of pharmaceuticals by introducing desired genes into organisms like bacteria or yeast. These organisms then produce the target drugs or proteins that can be extracted and used for medical treatments.

A device that converts biological reactions into measurable electrical signals by linking living organisms, their enzymes or organelles, with electrodes.

A solid conductor carrying electric current into non-metallic substances like liquids, gases, or plasmas.

The study of using biological principles to develop and improve electronic devices.

The analysis of biological evidence, like blood, saliva, or hair, to identify individuals or determine cause of death.

Unique patterns of ridges and valleys on fingertips used for identification.

The process of determining a child's biological father using DNA analysis.

A method of detecting specific substances, such as pollutants or food components, using biological reactions.

A type of biosensor that utilizes immunochemical reactions to detect specific substances.

Substances produced by certain microorganisms, usually bacteria or fungi, that can inhibit the growth or kill other microorganisms, particularly bacteria.

Filamentous bacteria resembling microscopic fungi, known for their ability to produce various antibiotics.

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth without killing them directly, preventing bacterial multiplication.

Antibiotics that kill bacteria directly.

The process of creating antibiotics by utilizing microorganisms, typically in controlled environments. This involves cultivating bacteria or fungi and extracting the antibiotics they produce.

A type of antibiotic produced by the Penicillium fungus, known for its effectiveness against a range of bacterial infections.

A large vessel used for industrial-scale production of antibiotics, often penicillin, where the microorganisms are grown and the antibiotic is extracted.

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.

A soil bacterium that can infect plant cells and transfer a specific sequence of its DNA into the plant cell, causing crown gall disease.

A widely used herbicide that kills weeds and grasses by blocking an enzyme essential for plant growth.

A gene that makes plants resistant to glyphosate herbicide.

A genetic modification process that introduces a gene for an enzyme that breaks down glyphosate into plants, reducing the need for herbicide.

Genetically modified (GM) crops designed to be toxic to certain insects, primarily cotton and maize.

The evolution of resistance by insect pests to GM crops, leading to their effectiveness decreasing over time.

The potential for genes from GM crops to transfer to other species of plants through cross-pollination, potentially introducing new traits into the environment.

A type of genetically modified cotton that produces a protein toxic to insects, reducing pest damage and increasing yield.

Animals that have been genetically modified to express recombinant DNA, often producing human proteins in their milk or eggs.

Plants that have received and express DNA from another species, often engineered for traits like disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, or improved nutritional value.

The process of creating a genetically identical copy of a gene, cell, or organism. Often used in agriculture to produce multiple copies of plants with desirable traits.

A protein (delta-endotoxin) produced by Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria, highly toxic to specific insects.

Genes from a different species are introduced into a plant's genome, making it resistant to specific diseases.

Genes from a different species are introduced into a plant's genome, making it resistant to specific herbicides.

Genes from a different species are introduced into a plant's genome, improving its nutritional content, often increasing vitamins or essential nutrients.