Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of ulcers are caused by S.aureus and other bacteria?
What type of ulcers are caused by S.aureus and other bacteria?
Which organism is primarily associated with nodular lymphangitis?
Which organism is primarily associated with nodular lymphangitis?
What is the least desirable specimen collection method?
What is the least desirable specimen collection method?
Which stain is commonly used for microscopic examination to detect significant organisms?
Which stain is commonly used for microscopic examination to detect significant organisms?
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What type of media is used for anaerobic culture?
What type of media is used for anaerobic culture?
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Which organism is associated with scarlet fever?
Which organism is associated with scarlet fever?
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What method should be used for specimen transportation to avoid contamination?
What method should be used for specimen transportation to avoid contamination?
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Which bacterium is commonly found in eye infections?
Which bacterium is commonly found in eye infections?
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Which organism is most commonly associated with osteomyelitis?
Which organism is most commonly associated with osteomyelitis?
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What method is used to collect conjunctival specimens?
What method is used to collect conjunctival specimens?
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Which condition is associated with trauma to the cornea?
Which condition is associated with trauma to the cornea?
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What is a common cause of malignant otitis externa?
What is a common cause of malignant otitis externa?
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What is the initial processing method for bone cultures?
What is the initial processing method for bone cultures?
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What type of bioterrorism involves immediate impact and early recognition of an event?
What type of bioterrorism involves immediate impact and early recognition of an event?
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What media is most likely used for culturing endophthalmitis?
What media is most likely used for culturing endophthalmitis?
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Which event involved an outbreak of Salmonella in a restaurant?
Which event involved an outbreak of Salmonella in a restaurant?
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What layer of the skin is the outermost layer?
What layer of the skin is the outermost layer?
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Which of the following is considered an endogenous organism that can lead to wound infections?
Which of the following is considered an endogenous organism that can lead to wound infections?
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What type of infection is characterized by inflammation accompanied by pus?
What type of infection is characterized by inflammation accompanied by pus?
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Which organism is primarily associated with gas gangrene?
Which organism is primarily associated with gas gangrene?
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Which type of infection involves dermal and subcutaneous diffuse infection?
Which type of infection involves dermal and subcutaneous diffuse infection?
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What is a common cause of folliculitis?
What is a common cause of folliculitis?
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Which organism is known for causing serious infections from animal bites?
Which organism is known for causing serious infections from animal bites?
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Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the fascia and is considered very severe?
Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the fascia and is considered very severe?
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What is a significant characteristic of anthrax as a bioterror agent?
What is a significant characteristic of anthrax as a bioterror agent?
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Which method is NOT commonly associated with biological delivery methods?
Which method is NOT commonly associated with biological delivery methods?
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Which factor is essential for the successful dispersal of aerosols of bioterror agents?
Which factor is essential for the successful dispersal of aerosols of bioterror agents?
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What is the primary first sign of a bioterror attack involving biological agents?
What is the primary first sign of a bioterror attack involving biological agents?
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Which laboratory level is responsible for confirmatory testing of biological agents?
Which laboratory level is responsible for confirmatory testing of biological agents?
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What is one of the criteria for categorizing biological agents?
What is one of the criteria for categorizing biological agents?
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Which of the following is an example of a Category A biological agent?
Which of the following is an example of a Category A biological agent?
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What impact can the threat of a biological attack create?
What impact can the threat of a biological attack create?
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What delivery method involves the use of animals in the spread of biological agents?
What delivery method involves the use of animals in the spread of biological agents?
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Which type of pathogen may be involved in bioterror attacks and can be contagious?
Which type of pathogen may be involved in bioterror attacks and can be contagious?
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What is the most common form of human anthrax?
What is the most common form of human anthrax?
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What is the mortality rate associated with gastrointestinal anthrax?
What is the mortality rate associated with gastrointestinal anthrax?
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Which anthrax form has the highest mortality rate?
Which anthrax form has the highest mortality rate?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of inhalation anthrax?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of inhalation anthrax?
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What is the characteristic appearance of colonies when identifying Bacillus anthracis in the lab?
What is the characteristic appearance of colonies when identifying Bacillus anthracis in the lab?
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Which vector is primarily responsible for the transmission of Yersinia pestis?
Which vector is primarily responsible for the transmission of Yersinia pestis?
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What is a distinguishing symptom of bubonic plague?
What is a distinguishing symptom of bubonic plague?
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Which clinical presentation of plague is transmissible by aerosol?
Which clinical presentation of plague is transmissible by aerosol?
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What is the common incubation period for gastrointestinal anthrax after ingestion of spores?
What is the common incubation period for gastrointestinal anthrax after ingestion of spores?
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Which spore count is associated with the onset of inhalation anthrax?
Which spore count is associated with the onset of inhalation anthrax?
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What is the infective dose for Tularemia?
What is the infective dose for Tularemia?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical presentation of Tularemia?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical presentation of Tularemia?
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Which diagnostic agar shows small non-lactose fermenting colonies for a specific organism?
Which diagnostic agar shows small non-lactose fermenting colonies for a specific organism?
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What is the mortality rate of untreated Tularemia?
What is the mortality rate of untreated Tularemia?
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Which of the following is a zoonotic infection associated with a rabbit?
Which of the following is a zoonotic infection associated with a rabbit?
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What is the duration of illness typically seen in patients with Tularemia?
What is the duration of illness typically seen in patients with Tularemia?
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Which method is NOT typically associated with diagnosing Tularemia?
Which method is NOT typically associated with diagnosing Tularemia?
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What is the expected incubation period for Tularemia?
What is the expected incubation period for Tularemia?
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Study Notes
Skin and Soft Tissue
- Skin is composed of the epidermis (outermost layer), dermis (containing hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands), subcutaneous layer (fat), fascia (fibrous tissue), and muscles.
- Wound infections can be caused by trauma, obstruction of glands, or inflammation of hair follicles.
- Infecting organisms can be endogenous (normal flora) or exogenous (external).
- Single or polymicrobial infections are possible, and skill is needed to differentiate colony types in mixed cultures.
- Common normal skin flora includes staphylococci (S. epidermidis & S. aureus), diphtheroids (Corynebacterium), micrococci, streptococci (non-hemolytic), Propionibacterium acnes, anaerobes, and yeast.
- Dermatitis is skin inflammation, and causes can include Candidia spp., S. aureus, coliforms, Corynebacterium spp., and moulds (dermatophytes).
- Pyoderma is inflammation with pus. Examples include impetigo (blister-like superficial skin infection caused by Group A streptococci or S. aureus), erysipelas (superficial, painful infection caused by Group A streptococci or rarely S. aureus), erysipeloid (superficial soft skin infection associated with animal products and caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae), and cellulitis (deep infection of epidermis and subcutaneous tissues caused by Group A streptococci or S. aureus).
- S. aureus and MRSA infections can cause folliculitis (infected hair follicle, sometimes due to P. aeruginosa), furuncles (boils, deep hair follicles), and carbuncles (multiple hair follicles).
- Abscesses are collections of pus in skin and subcutaneous tissues.
- Soft tissue (wound) infections are caused by many organisms, including S. aureus, streptococci, and anaerobes.
- Burn wounds can result from S. aureus and P. aeruginosa infections.
- Animal bites can cause infections from Pasteurella multocida, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, or S. aureus; also, rabies.
- Myonecrosis (gas gangrene) is a severe muscle infection caused by C. perfringens.
- Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe infection of fascia.
- Decubitus ulcers (bed sores) are pressure sores caused by bacteria near the rectum (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Enterococci).
- Diabetic foot ulcers are slow-healing injuries caused by S. aureus, streptococci, enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and anaerobes.
- Nodular lymphangitis is caused by Sporothrix schenckii, Nocardia spp., Actinomyces spp., or Mycobacteria.
- Dermatologic manifestations of systemic infections can include rashes from Borrelia burgdorferi (erythema migrans), T. pallidum, Rickettsiae, Leptospira, or Mycobacterium leprae.
- Examples of viral infections that cause dermatologic manifestations include measles, chickenpox/shingles (varicella-zoster virus), herpes simplex virus, and warts (HPV).
- Toxin-mediated skin diseases include staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome, and toxin shock syndrome caused by S. aureus and S. pyogenes.
- Scarlet fever is caused by S. pyogenes.
- Skin specimen collection should avoid surface contamination, decontaminate skin/mucosa before collection, and preferably use tissue and pus samples. Swabs are least desirable, but if used, should be placed in transport medium. Anaerobic transport media are needed for anaerobic infections.
- Gram stain is done for microscopic examination to detect clinically significant organisms. The quality of the specimen is assessed, rejecting those with many epithelial cells.
- KOH and calcofluor white wet mounts, and acid-fast stains are also used in microscopic examination.
- Culture processes may use BAP, CHOC, MAC, PEA, and media may vary based on setting, site, and organisms suspected.
- Anaerobic cultures are recommended for closed wounds and abscesses.
- Additional cultures may include Lowenstein-Jensen and Middlebrook media, viral cultures, shell vials, and Sabouraud's agar. cultures can be done for eye, bone, bone marrow, and external ear samples.
- Conjunctivitis is an eye inflammation, and is often caused by Haemophilus influenzae aegyptius, S. pneumoniae in newborns. Keratitis of the cornea is often caused by trauma, and endophthalmitis is a rare infection of the eyeball's interior. Conjunctival specimens are collected with a swab, corneal scrapings use a platinum spatula, and specimens are inoculated at bedside.
- Processing methods include microscopic examination of gram-stained cultures, BAP, CHOC, enriched broth (with anaBAP for some situations like endophthalmitis), and CHOC media.
- Osteomyelitis is a bone or bone marrow infection; S. aureus is the most common cause. Bone cultures use enriched broth and agar media. Bone marrow cultures are done, if necessary, for detecting Brucella or Mycobacteria, depending on the organism sought.
- Otitis externa, swimmer's ear, is due to moisture in the ear canal. Malignant otitis externa is a severe, invasive infection, often seen with underlying conditions like diabetes, and P. aeruginosa is the most common cause.
- Diagnosed cases are assessed clinically, and malignant or recurrent cases require culturing of debris removed from the ear canal. Gram stains are taken, and cultures are performed using BAP, CHOC, and MAC media.
- Bioterrorism involves the unlawful use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to incite fear and intimidate. These agents of bioterriorism may be covert and overt, and their delivery methods include aerosolization, food/water contamination, and vectors. Common characteristics of bioterror agents include inexpensive production, large attack area capability, difficult detection, and quick onset. These agents can be delivered through food or water contamination, aircraft sprayers, vehicle sprayers, hand sprayers, or mail systems. The Laboratory Response Network (LRN) was established for responding to biological and chemical public health threats.
Other Topics (refer to specific sections for details)
- Category A, B, C bio-defense agents
- Anthrax
- Plague
- Tularemia
- Botulism
- Q fever
- Smallpox
- Viral hemorrhagic fevers
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various microorganisms associated with different medical conditions. This quiz covers topics related to bacterial infections, specimen collection methods, and culture media, specifically in a clinical context. Ideal for students and professionals in microbiology or healthcare.
