Microbiology: Germs, Labs and Applications

• Adriana Maria Diaz Anaya created study notes for Microbiology in semester 5 and 9 on March 11, 2020, and April 8. Garcialidades and Exposter contributed to the Tomas.
• The notes cover labs, partial exams (50%), exposition (20%), workshops or reports (15%), and quizzes (15%).
• Microbiology deals with germs, their function, structure, metabolism, classification, and role in the environment, and includes viruses.
• Microbiology matters due to its impact on life, health, industry, and ecosystems, linking to ecology, associations, and cooperation of microorganisms..

Importance

• As a CORE science, microbiology uses model cells to research life processes with a broad range of important advances in medicine, veterinary science, agriculture, and industry.
• Applied as a biological science, it facilitates the production of antibiotics and vaccines.
• Its application in the food industry aids in fermentation and preservation.
• Its principles aid in fertilization and biological control in agriculture.
• As a discipline, it aids in Biogeochemical cycles and Bioremediation in the environment.
• Relations exist with biochemistry focusing on metabolic components and processes.
• Relations exist with molecular biology and its concentration on nucleic acids and proteins.
• Relations exist with genetics and immunology.
• It involves ecological and environmental biology focusing on microbe interactions.
• Genomics for genome sequencing.
• Epidemiology for studying disease transmission.

Classification

• Microbiology is classified into medical, veterinary, environmental, industrial, food, and agricultural areas.

History

• Microbiology began with microscopic observations.
• Hooke and Anthony van Leeuwenhoek are key figures.
• The theory of the origin of life was developed.
• Pasteur made key contributions.
• 1884 saw the creation of Koch's drawings.
• Francesco Redi contributed to spontaneous generation.
• Latzard Spallanzani stressed the need for sterilization.
• Louis Pasteur developed pasteurization and attenuated vaccines for anthrax and rabies.
• Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin from Penicillium after a Staphylococcus contamination.
• Robert Koch found Bacillus anthracis in the blood of animals with anthrax.
• There are four postulates to determine a disease.
• The agent must be present in all cases; it must be isolated from the host and grown in vitro. Also the disease must occur when a pure culture is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host. Finally, the agent must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected host.

Areas of study

• Areas of study include bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, virology, and protozoology.
• Phycology (study of microscopic algae).

Viruses

• Viruses are not living organisms.
• They consist of DNA or RNA and proteins.
• They lack their own metabolism.
• They need host cells to replicate.
• They infect any cell, including microbial cells.
• They come in sizes between 20 and 300 nanometers.

Prions

• Prions are misfolded proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans.
• An example is bovine spongiform encephalopathy, a degenerative disease in sheep and cows.
• The cellular form of the prion protein (Pr-Pc) is encoded by the host's chromosomal DNA, lacking nucleic acids in their intracellular.
• Prions are associated with ingestion, gene mutation, or unknown origins.
• They're found in sheep, cattle, bison, and cats, transmitted via contact with meat.
• The difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes have a nucleoid, while eukaryotes have a nucleosome.
• Prokaryotes are classified using 16S rRNA.
• Carl Woese, a professor from Illinois, is considered the father of modern taxonomy.
• Correct classification of a pathogenic microorganism eases faster elimination.
• The majority of research has been focused on bacteria.
• Molecular phylogenies has proved to be an important tool.
• Bacteria derive from one ancestor within the domain of bacteria while Archaea are more ancient and resistant to extreme temperatures.
• The domain Eukarya includes animals, plants, protists, fungi, and monera(bacteria).
• Phylogenetic trees are beneficial as they allow evolutionary relationships and common ancestors to be established based on DNA sequences.

Protists (eukaryotes)

• Include both unicellular eukaryotes and multicellular algae; they possess definitive nuclei and organelles.
• In this groups there's many different types of living things, being comprised of microbial eukaryotes organized in 4 principal groups which include algae, protozoa, fungi, and molds.
• Some protists move using pseudopods, cilia, or flagella.
• Protozoa are unicellular protists that are not utilize photosynthesis.
• The most primitive protozoa feature flagella.
• Varieties that are amoeba-likes are also used.
• There is a group of protozoa defined as sporozoans; they are strictly parasitic and always immobile

Protozoans Classification

• Distinguished by their movement, including Ciliates, Flagellates, Rhizopods, and Sporozoans.
• Ciliates use cilia and can be free-living or parasitic, exemplified by Paramecium.
• Flagellates use flagella, are parasitic, exemplified by Trypanosoma.
• Rhizopods use pseudopods and can be free-living or parasitic, such as Amoebas.
• Sporozoans are immobile and parasitic, such as Plasmodium.

Fungi (Hongos)

• Fungi are non-photosynthetic protists that grow as branching and intertwined filaments ("hyphae") forming structures called mycelia. Those fungi containing mycelias are molds.
• Key subdivisions of fungi include:
  • Chytridiomycota
  • Zygomycota
  • Asomycota
  • Basidiomycota
  • Deuteromycetes.

Taxonomy

• Life is classified into:
  • Procariotas including bacteria and archaea.
  • Eucaria includes animalia, vegetal, protistas and protozoaria, hongs. Both are divided by ancestral origins.

Eukaryotic cells

• Contain a nucleus, nucleolus, and chromatin as well as have a retículo endoplasmático rough(protein synthesis) and smooth(lipid synthesis).
• Have a golgi apparatus as well as vacuoles and lysosomes.
• Complex cytoskeleton with microtubules and microfilaments.
• Compartments like mitochondria and chloraplasts that reproduce through sisión. Lysosomas contain waste.

Prokaryotic cells

• Contain Ribosomes, and a Nucleoid, lack mitochondria and chloraplasts.
• Their envelope is complex and displays a large variety of fornas

Cell morphology

• Cell morphology is genetically codified increasing organismas aptitude in their natural habitat for survival.
• Coccus-Monococcus, Diplococcus, Tretracoccus, Estaphylococus, Esreptococcus
• Bacilius=Anthrax, salmonella...
• Espirile- Helicobacter pillory. Spriquetas- Leptospira
• Germinating Bacteria
• Filamentous bacteria form filaments
• Vibrios ex: Vibrio colera CQ.
• Cell size varies from azun diameter to over 100 um dependent on the organism ex: E.Col are small where Thiomargarita magnificia are large. Nucleoid location where DNA is stored. Contains 1 single corte molecule.

Organelos

• The nucleoid is where DNA is stored in a coiled, single molecule.
• The number of nucleoids depends on the replication.
• The more nucleoids an animal has, the faster the growth.
• Cytoplasmic structures have no plastids (chloroplasts or mitochondria).
• It stores reserves in insoluble granules, stores refrigerants in the cytoplasm, stores inclusion bodies, have proteins similar to actin and participate in the formation of the cytoskeleton.

Cyanobacteria

• Bacteria and Algae & Tlacoides.
• Carboxisome contains enzymes to fix CO2.
• Ficobilisome grains refrigerant and absorption of light.
• They transform light to engery.

Membrane

• Membranes are composed of phospholipids with up to 200 types of proteins.
• Without having sterols, only single lipids
• Most archaea have a unique singular lipid (isoprenoids instead of fatty acids.
• Phospholipids are formed by two components, hydrophobic (fatty acids) and hydrophilic (glycerol phosphate).
• In short, hydrophobic consists of fatty acids however hydrophilic includes glycerol phosphate.
• There is aspect fluidity with hopanoids which are reminiscent of steerates.

Functions of the Membrane

• Selective permebeability and transport of solutes (Sodium, Potassium)
• Transport of Elections and Fosforilación oxidativa and aerobic
• Exvesion or excentimas hidrolitacas degradation.
• Transport of enzymes and molecules which participate in the bio synthesis of DNA polymerases of the cell wall and lipid membrane.
• Portar receptors and other chemioattracticts and other systems.
• There can be atraction with different sensible stimulation however it needs to have sensorial stimuli. If the attraction is benifical is "si", if it is not, it is "no".
• Permeabilidad selectiva can be selective and transport solutes
• Forms the hidrophic barriers which is impermeable to mac particles 3 mechanisms of transport include:
  • Passive Transport
  • Active Trasnport
  • Traslocución of Groyp.
  • Passive transport happens when the solute is an concentration most superior to outisde the cell.
    • Símple Diffusion for the entrance of nutrients.
    • Diffusion is selective especially when having high entrance of glicerol
    • Diffusion by canals is specialized to tranport something (Sod) -Active transport follows lonic glacientes
      • Transporte activo primario: bomba solio de potasi -Tranporte active secundario
        • Simporte de direccional solutes.
        • Autoparte- Entre and sale otra.
    4. Tranportadoas family of membrane transport: Función biologica Protein ABC Subfamilles that function as ABCB1348 Resistencia, ABCB5 which transporter lypids, e

2. Tranport of elections and fosforilación oxidativa

• Located in the membrane with Exosision de anamas and cell membrane

Biolosynthesis of enamas

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Pareo Celular

• Allows for estucutura and Forma
• Protege contra El exities comatico
• Servir contra ballena frente a agentes externe, Contra antibidicks or agentes externe. Gram Positive Pareo Gruesa con Rephtiolin. Gran negatives: Parsal malgoba can Otra membrana alena adiciones

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