Microbiology for Health Science FHS 204: Urinary Tract Infections

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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of upper urinary tract infection?

  • Enlarged prostate
  • Bladder infection
  • Pregnancy
  • Dysuria (correct)

Which type of infection is characterized by kidney damage?

  • Pyelonephritis (correct)
  • Urosepsis
  • Urethritis
  • Cystitis

What is the most common causative agent of UTIs?

  • Chlamydia
  • E. coli (correct)
  • Streptococcus
  • Salmonella

Which factor increases the risk of UTIs in females compared to males?

<p>Shorter urethra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a systemic infection resulting from a UTI entering the bloodstream?

<p>Urosepsis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is commonly used for treating simple UTIs?

<p>Nitrofurantoin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary specimen recommended for laboratory diagnosis of UTI?

<p>Clean catched midstream urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is more at risk for UTI?

<p>Elderly individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common contributing factor for UTI in males?

<p>Neurogenic bladder dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which underlying disease increases the risk of UTI according to the text?

<p>Diabetes mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical abnormality can contribute to UTI in younger individuals?

<p>Prostatic adenoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What acts as a barrier to infection by decreasing adherence of bacteria to the bladder mucosa?

<p>Bladder mucin layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and is a gram-negative rod found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals?

<p>Escherichia coli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is NOT listed as one of the common causative agents of urinary tract infections?

<p>Staphylococcus saprophyticus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which urinary symptom is NOT typically associated with lower urinary tract infections?

<p>Fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural habitat of Enterobacteriaceae, a group of gram-negative rods that are common causative agents of UTIs?

<p>Intestinal tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium colonizes the perineum, rectum, and gastrointestinal tract, and is considered normal human flora that can cause UTIs in young sexually active females?

<p>Staphylococcus saprophyticus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended specimen type for evaluating urine cultures?

<p>Voided, clean-catch or indwelling cath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria grow well on both Blood Agar Plate (BAP) and MacConkey agar?

<p>Gram negative rods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the colony count that is considered significant to indicate a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?

<p>100 cfu/ml (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should urine cultures with more than 2 pathogens be reported?

<p>&quot;Mixed flora&quot; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended incubation time for the culture in an air incubator?

<p>24 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gender category is indicated to have an asymptomatic status in this case?

<p>Males (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dysuria

Painful urination, a common symptom in upper urinary tract infections.

Pyelonephritis

Kidney infection characterized by damage to the kidney.

E. coli

Escherichia coli, a bacterium, is the predominant cause of UTIs.

Shorter urethra (females)

The shorter urethra in females facilitates easier bacterial access to the bladder, increasing UTI risk.

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Urosepsis

A systemic infection resulting from a UTI spreading into the bloodstream.

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Nitrofurantoin

A commonly prescribed antibiotic for simple UTIs.

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Clean-catch midstream urine

Clean-catch midstream urine is the recommended specimen for UTI lab diagnosis.

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Elderly individuals

Elderly individuals are more susceptible to UTIs due to various factors.

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Neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Dysfunction of the bladder due to nerve damage can contribute to UTIs in males.

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Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of UTI due to impaired immune function and increased glucose in urine.

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Prostatic adenoma

Enlargement of the prostate gland, which can obstruct urine flow

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Bladder mucin layer

The bladder lining prevents bacteria adhere to the bladder mucosa

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Escherichia coli

A Gram-negative rod found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, and a common causative agent of UTIs.

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Staphylococcus saprophyticus

A bacterium that is NOT listed as a common causative agent of urinary tract infections.

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Fever

A urinary symptom that is NOT typically associated with lower urinary tract infections.

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Intestinal tract

The intestinal tract is the natural habitat of these gram-negative rods.

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Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Colonizes the perineum, rectum, and gastrointestinal tract, and can cause UTIs in young sexually active females.

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Voided, clean-catch

Urine sample collected after cleaning the urethral opening and collecting the middle part of the urine stream.

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Gram negative rods

Bacteria that grow well on both Blood Agar Plate (BAP) and MacConkey agar.

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100 cfu/ml

100 cfu/mL is what is considered significant to indicate a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI).

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Mixed flora

When there is multiple bacteria, report as Mixed flora

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24 hours

24 hours is the recommended incubation time for the culture in the air incubator.

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Asymptomatic status

The lack of having symptoms of disease

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Study Notes

  • Antibiotics like Trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Cephalexin, and Ceftriaxone are commonly used to treat UTIs.
  • Factors contributing to urinary tract infections (UTIs) include age (very young and old individuals are at higher risk), gender (more common in females due to anatomy), instrumentation like catheters, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, obstruction, underlying diseases like diabetes, and vesico-ureteral reflex.
  • UTIs can lead to systemic infections like urosepsis when the infection spreads to the bloodstream causing a systemic infection.
  • Common causative agents of UTIs are gram-negative rods like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus spp., as well as Enterococci and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
  • Criteria for evaluating urine cultures include specimen type, significant pathogen colony-forming units (CFU/ml), and interpretation of culture results indicating UTI presence.

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