Questions and Answers
Second-line defenses of the human host include all of the following EXCEPT ______.
antibodies
What causes the damage to the stomach lining with gastric ulcers?
Excess acid due to inflammatory response
What general type of chemicals stimulate and regulate the inflammatory response?
Cytokines
Which of the following is a symptom of the inflammatory response?
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A large percentage of people are infected with Helicobacter pylori but many of these individuals will not show any symptoms of infection.
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What is the best treatment in most cases of peptic ulcers?
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Which of the following characteristics allows Helicobacter pylori to survive the stomach's environment?
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Nonspecific chemical defenses of the human host include all of the following EXCEPT ______.
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Which of the following is part of the body's second line of defense?
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In this case, the stinger of the bee broke which line of defense in the patient?
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Which of the following is a symptom of the inflammatory response?
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Which event occurs in the early stages of inflammation?
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What is the function of selectins?
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Margination occurs when neutrophils stick to the lining of the endothelium.
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Which role does histamine play during inflammation?
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Extravasation, also known as diapedesis or transmigration, occurs when _______.
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Inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. In Latin, the term ______ means redness.
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Tissue injury leading to inflammation can be due to ______.
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The symptoms of inflammation are mostly due to ______.
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A microorganism carries _____ markers and a B cell carries _____ markers.
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Which of the following cells are lymphocytes?
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Cytokines are secreted by which cells?
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The initial reaction to the presence of viruses in a human cell is the production of __________ by that cell.
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Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis.
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Fever is initiated when a substance in circulation, called a(n) _________, acts on the hypothalamus causing it to reset body temperature to a higher setting.
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The three complement cascades are activated by different mechanisms but share the same end results of the membrane attack complex formation, enhanced phagocytic capabilities, and amplification of inflammation.
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Which of the following is part of the body's third line of defense?
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Which event occurs in the early stages of inflammation?
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Mitochondria contain hydrolytic enzymes.
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________ are the precursors to macrophages.
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Which cell type is capable of phagocytosis?
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Phagocytosis is part of the body's nonspecific defenses.
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The complement system is part of the specific immune response.
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Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following EXCEPT ________.
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Complement factor C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized.
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Study Notes
Immune Response and Inflammation
- Second-line defenses of the human host do not include antibodies; instead, they involve nonspecific defenses.
- Gastric ulcers damage the stomach lining primarily due to excess acid from the inflammatory response.
- Cytokines are critical chemicals that stimulate and regulate inflammatory responses within the body.
- Pain signifies a symptom of the inflammatory response, serving as a warning of potential injury or infection.
- A significant number of individuals harbor Helicobacter pylori without exhibiting any symptoms, highlighting the asymptomatic nature of some infections.
- Antibiotics are typically the most effective treatment for peptic ulcers, especially those linked to bacterial infections.
- Helicobacter pylori survives the acidic environment of the stomach by neutralizing acid through the enzyme urease.
- Nonspecific chemical defenses also do not include antibodies; they rely on physical barriers and innate immune responses.
- Phagocytosis is a key component of the body's second line of defense, essential for eliminating pathogens.
- Breaking the skin barrier through a bee sting compromises the first line of defense, enabling potential infection.
- Warmth at the site of a reaction is a hallmark symptom of inflammation, along with redness and swelling.
- Early inflammation involves the release of chemical mediators and cytokines, signaling pathways for immune response activation.
- Selectins are crucial for facilitating the adhesion of neutrophils to the inner walls of blood vessels during inflammation.
- Margination refers to the process where neutrophils adhere to the endothelial lining of blood vessels.
- Histamine is a key player in inflammation, causing vasodilation and increased blood flow to affected areas.
- Extravasation, or diapedesis, is the process by which neutrophils exit circulation to reach affected tissues.
- The Latin term "rubor" translates to redness, a primary characteristic observed during inflammation.
- Tissue injuries leading to inflammation can result from mechanical or chemical trauma, or due to infections.
- Vasodilation largely accounts for the symptoms of inflammation, enhancing blood flow to affected tissues.
- A microorganism carries nonself markers, whereas B cells carry self markers, facilitating immune recognition.
- B cells are classified as lymphocytes, playing a critical role in the adaptive immune response.
- Cytokines are secreted by B cells, T cells, and macrophages, orchestrating various immune functions.
- Interferons are produced by cells as an initial response to viral infections, helping to inhibit viral replication.
- The first stage of phagocytosis involves phagocytes being attracted to the site of injury or inflammation by chemical signals.
- Pyrogens act on the hypothalamus to initiate fever by resetting body temperature to a higher set point.
- The complement system operates through three distinct cascades but culminates in similar outcomes including membrane attack complex formation.
- B cells are a vital part of the body's third line of defense, involved in the adaptive immune response.
- Mitochondria do not contain hydrolytic enzymes, contradicting some previous assertions.
- Monocytes serve as the precursors to macrophages, essential for immune cell differentiation and function.
- Neutrophils and macrophages are both cell types capable of carrying out phagocytosis, critical for innate immunity.
- Phagocytosis constitutes a component of nonspecific defenses, providing immediate responses to infection.
- The complement system is integral to the specific immune response, enhancing the ability to target pathogens.
- Phagocytes are primarily attracted by bacterial metabolites and signals from other immune cells, not by lysosomal enzymes.
- Complement factor C3b enhances phagocytosis by coating bacteria and binding to receptors on phagocytes, aiding in pathogen elimination.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on microbiology topics related to second-line defenses, gastric ulcers, and the inflammatory response. This quiz is perfect for reviewing key concepts and enhancing your understanding of human host defenses and cytokines.
