Microbiology Final Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

What are the three main steps of transcription?

  • Binding, duplicating, releasing
  • Replication, recombination, translation
  • Activation, transcription, termination
  • Initiation, elongation, termination (correct)

Which type of mutation results in a protein that is truncated?

  • Nonsense mutation (correct)
  • Frameshift mutation
  • Missense mutation
  • Silent mutation

In Griffith's experiment, which of the following provided evidence for recombination?

  • The introduction of prions into the culture
  • The increase in antibiotic resistance
  • The transformation of non-virulent bacteria (correct)
  • The lytic cycle of phages

What are the steps involved in PCR?

<p>Denaturation, annealing, extension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for driving natural selection?

<p>Mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the lytic cycle from the lysogenic cycle?

<p>The immediate destruction of the host cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response relies on the activity of antibodies?

<p>Adaptive immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of inflammation involves the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of infection?

<p>Vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

<p>Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotes contain them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main shapes of bacteria?

<p>Coccus, bacillus, and spiral. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes selective media?

<p>It inhibits the growth of certain microbes while allowing others to grow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the role of feedback inhibition in metabolism?

<p>It prevents the overproduction of end products by inhibiting early enzymes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the bacterial growth curve is observed during the log phase?

<p>Bacteria divide at a constant rate, leading to exponential growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis?

<p>Substrate-level phosphorylation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason hydrogen peroxide is not recommended for treating open wounds?

<p>It can damage healthy tissue and impede the healing process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the contributions of Louis Pasteur to microbiology?

<p>He established that microbes were responsible for fermentation and spoilage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of gram staining in bacteria?

<p>To determine the presence of peptidoglycan layers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microbiological terms is best described as the introduction of microorganisms into a culture medium?

<p>Inoculum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase of bacterial growth is characterized by the slow initial growth period?

<p>Lag phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the process of cellular respiration, which phase is responsible for producing the majority of ATP?

<p>Electron transport chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity by binding to which site?

<p>Active site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of media would be most appropriate for isolating specific microorganisms based on their metabolic activity?

<p>Selective media (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of archaea when compared to bacteria?

<p>Unique membrane lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a major disadvantage of using hydrogen peroxide for open wound treatment?

<p>It can damage healthy tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes microbial antagonism?

<p>The competition between different species for the same resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which describes the classical pathway of complement activation?

<p>Initiated by antibody-antigen interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a latent infection compared to a chronic infection?

<p>Chronic infections can be dormant but reactivate under certain conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of B cells during the immune response?

<p>They can engage in class switching to enhance antibody diversity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the inflammation process triggers vasodilation?

<p>Release of cytokines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mutation type introduces a new codon that codes for a different amino acid?

<p>Missense mutation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do prions play in disease?

<p>They can accumulate and cause neurodegenerative conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence does herd immunity have on a community?

<p>It protects those who cannot be vaccinated by reducing overall disease prevalence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of C-reactive protein during inflammation?

<p>To act as a marker for inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the function of antibodies?

<p>They bind specifically to antigens to neutralize them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?

<p>It is driven by human intervention rather than environmental factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of a frameshift mutation?

<p>The reading frame of the gene is changed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for initiating the steps of PCR?

<p>Primers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a latent infection?

<p>The pathogen is inactive but can reactivate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of inflammation is primarily characterized by redness and heat?

<p>Vascular stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Griffith's experiment, what was the significance of the heat-killed bacteria?

<p>It suggested transformation occurred when mixed with live non-virulent strains. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

<p>Prokaryotes lack a nucleus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of selective media in microbiology?

<p>To inhibit the growth of specific organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of the germ theory of disease?

<p>It introduced the idea that microorganisms can cause diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a bacterial cell wall is primarily responsible for gram staining results?

<p>Peptidoglycan layer thickness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a phase of the bacterial growth curve?

<p>Exponential phase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?

<p>To generate electron carriers and ATP. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inhibition occurs when an inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site?

<p>Noncompetitive inhibition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of Edward Jenner in microbiology?

<p>He created the first vaccine for smallpox. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aseptic Technique

A set of procedures used to prevent contamination of a workspace, cultures, and other materials, ensuring only the desired microorganisms are present.

Germ Theory of Disease

The theory stating that certain microorganisms cause specific diseases. This disproved the earlier idea of spontaneous generation of disease.

Prokaryotic Cell

A cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Examples include bacteria and archaea.

Gram Staining

A technique used to differentiate bacteria based on the thickness of their peptidoglycan cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria stain purple, while gram-negative bacteria stain pink.

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Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen. It produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration but needs a constant supply of oxygen.

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Fermentation

A metabolic process that generates ATP in the absence of oxygen. It is less efficient than respiration, but allows some organisms to survive without oxygen.

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Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial membrane that uses the energy from electron carriers to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

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Feedback Inhibition

A regulatory mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme earlier in the pathway, preventing overproduction.

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Horizontal Gene Transfer

The transfer of genetic material between organisms that are not parent and offspring, such as bacteria exchanging plasmids.

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Missense Mutation

A point mutation that changes a codon to code for a different amino acid, potentially altering the protein's function.

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Nonsense Mutation

A point mutation that changes a codon to a stop codon, prematurely ending protein synthesis.

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Transcription

The process of copying DNA into RNA, with three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

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Natural Selection

The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully than others.

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Lytic Cycle

A viral replication cycle where the virus immediately replicates and destroys the host cell, releasing new viruses.

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Innate Immunity

The first line of defense against pathogens, involving non-specific mechanisms such as skin barriers, phagocytes, and inflammation.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by B cells that specifically bind to antigens, marking them for destruction by the immune system.

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Frameshift Mutation

An insertion or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the reading frame of the genetic code, leading to a different amino acid sequence.

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Transcription (3 main steps)

The process of copying DNA into RNA, with three main steps: initiation (starting the process), elongation (building the RNA molecule), and termination (stopping the process).

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Lysogenic Cycle

A viral replication cycle where the virus integrates its genetic material into the host cell's DNA, remaining dormant for a period and replicating with the cell.

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Prion Diseases

Infectious diseases caused by misfolded proteins called prions, which can spread to other proteins and cause damage to the brain.

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Study Notes

Microbiology Final Exam Review

  • Key Concepts: Microorganism, aseptic technique, germ theory of disease, genus, species.
  • Cell Structure Differences: Distinguish between bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses based on their structures.
  • Historical Contributions: Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, Ignaz Semmelweis, Robert Koch disproved spontaneous generation.
  • Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Identify 5 key differences.
  • Bacterial Shapes: 3 main bacterial shapes.
  • Common Bacterial Features: List 5 structural characteristics found in all bacteria.
  • Gram Staining: The role of peptidoglycan layers in the bacterial cell wall.
  • Key Terms: Inoculum, culture, generation time, aerobic, anaerobic, biofilm.
  • Media Types: Compare selective and differential media and connect them to enrichment cultures.
  • Bacterial Growth Curve: Draw and label the lag, log, stationary, and death phases.
  • Bacterial Growth Phases: Summarize what occurs and why in each phase.
  • Sterilization vs. Pasteurization: Definition
  • Hydrogen Peroxide Use: Explain why hydrogen peroxide is not suitable for open-wound treatment.
  • Microscope Types: Differentiate between light microscopes and electron microscopes (TEM and SEM).
  • Metabolism: Define catabolism, anabolism, metabolism, metabolic pathway, enzyme, feedback inhibition, substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors.
  • Competitive vs. Noncompetitive Inhibitors: Differentiate between these types of inhibitors.
  • Feedback Inhibition: Explain the process of feedback inhibition.
  • Phosphorylation Methods: Summarize the 2 methods of phosphorylation.
  • Cellular Respiration/Fermentation: Define glycolysis, cellular respiration, fermentation, Kreb's cycle, electron transport chain, and compare the ATP generation in respiration and fermentation.
  • Horizontal Gene Transfer: Summary.
  • Mutations: Describe missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations.
  • Recombination: Explain the roles of recombination processes in DNA.
  • Griffith's Experiment: Important evidence about recombination.
  • PCR: Outline the steps used in PCR.
  • Natural/Artificial Selection: Relation to mutation.
  • Viruses: Define lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, latent infection, chronic infection, and prion.
  • Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle: Contrast the steps of the lytic and lysogenic cycles.
  • Latent vs. Persistent Infections: Differentiate.
  • Prion Disease Transmission: Explain two ways to contract prion diseases.
  • Microbial Antagonism: Summary of the concept and antibiotics effect.
  • Opportunistic Infections: Definition and effects of antibiotics.
  • Herd Immunity: Definition and impact.
  • Anti-Vaccination Effects: Evaluate the effect of anti-vaccination on different groups (60-year-old, 2-year-old, unvaccinated infant, immune-compromised).
  • Disease Stages: Identify and describe the 5 stages of disease.
  • Epidemiological Graphs: Explain increases/decreases in diseases from graphs.
  • Innate/Adaptive Immunity: Define innate and adaptive immunity, complement activation, classical pathway, MAC, cytokines, inflammation, vasodilation, phagocytosis, and leukocytes.
  • Inflammation: Summarize the signs/symptoms and functions of inflammation; role of C-reactive protein and TNF-α.
  • Inflammation Stages: Explain the 3 stages of inflammation.
  • Tissue Repair: Example of high, moderate, and low regenerative capacity.
  • Complement Activation Pathway: Describe the classical complement pathway.
  • Antibodies: Summarize regions and structures of an antibody.
  • Antibody Classes: Describe the roles, half-life, percentage, and common features of IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE.
  • Antibody Production: Evaluate vaccination schedule in relation to fetal/child antibody production (up to 2 years old).
  • T-dependent/Independent Antigens: Compare these antigens.
  • Antibody Role in Disease Control: Explain the immunological role of antibodies in destroying foreign substances.
  • Antibiotic Resistance: Discuss factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance (overuse, misuse, lack of hygiene).
  • Experimental Design: Explain independent/dependent variables, and the need for a control group in experimentation.
  • Koch's Postulates: Definition and importance
  • Phagocytosis: Definition and Process
  • 1918 Flu Pandemic: Factors contributing to virulence and mortality (mutations, transmission, immune evasion).

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Microbiology Final Exam Review Sheet PDF

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Prepare for your Microbiology final with this comprehensive review quiz. Cover key concepts from microorganism classification to important historical figures in microbiology. Test your knowledge on bacterial structures, growth phases, and laboratory techniques crucial for understanding the field.

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