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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is found in ALL prokaryotic organisms?
What is found in ALL prokaryotic organisms?
Ribosomes
What is the best description of the log phase of a bacterial growth curve?
What is the best description of the log phase of a bacterial growth curve?
Populations double under optimum conditions
Through feedback inhibition, a noncompetitive inhibitor of enzyme activity would...
Through feedback inhibition, a noncompetitive inhibitor of enzyme activity would...
Bind to the allosteric site of the enzyme and stop the reaction
Yeast infections such as thrush are caused by what?
Yeast infections such as thrush are caused by what?
The outer protein coat of a simple virus particle is called?
The outer protein coat of a simple virus particle is called?
In the disease cycle of animal viruses (Lysogenic), uncoating takes place between which two stages?
In the disease cycle of animal viruses (Lysogenic), uncoating takes place between which two stages?
What would be used to sterilize disposable prepackaged gloves?
What would be used to sterilize disposable prepackaged gloves?
Which type of hepatitis might you acquire by eating raw tomatoes or green onions at a restaurant?
Which type of hepatitis might you acquire by eating raw tomatoes or green onions at a restaurant?
The bacteria that causes meningitis usually attach and multiply in which area of the body?
The bacteria that causes meningitis usually attach and multiply in which area of the body?
Helper T cells...
Helper T cells...
The function of chemical substances such as histamine and leukotrienes would be?
The function of chemical substances such as histamine and leukotrienes would be?
A cell is said to be _______________ when its cell wall is permeable to foreign DNA.
A cell is said to be _______________ when its cell wall is permeable to foreign DNA.
An enzyme that assembles free nucleotides to make a molecule of RNA is?
An enzyme that assembles free nucleotides to make a molecule of RNA is?
What do Rickettsias and Chlamydias have in common with viruses?
What do Rickettsias and Chlamydias have in common with viruses?
Who discovered penicillin?
Who discovered penicillin?
What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?
What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?
New strains of the flu are made through _______________ _______________.
New strains of the flu are made through _______________ _______________.
Prokaryotic ribosome subunits = ?
Prokaryotic ribosome subunits = ?
Eukaryotic ribosome subunits = ?
Eukaryotic ribosome subunits = ?
Fermenters?
Fermenters?
The prefix for fungi is?
The prefix for fungi is?
Endotoxin?
Endotoxin?
Exotoxin?
Exotoxin?
Lytic?
Lytic?
Lysogenic?
Lysogenic?
What is the least effective antibiotic?
What is the least effective antibiotic?
What does betalactimase do?
What does betalactimase do?
Chlamydia has _____________ bodies.
Chlamydia has _____________ bodies.
Treatment for tetanus?
Treatment for tetanus?
What is the leading cause of blindness?
What is the leading cause of blindness?
What causes trachoma?
What causes trachoma?
Varicella zoster aka?
Varicella zoster aka?
What bacteria causes cavities?
What bacteria causes cavities?
Bacteria use?
Bacteria use?
Where does transcription occur?
Where does transcription occur?
Where does translation occur?
Where does translation occur?
What develops as a complication of strep throat?
What develops as a complication of strep throat?
IgG?
IgG?
IgA?
IgA?
IgM?
IgM?
IgD?
IgD?
IgE?
IgE?
Rank the WBC's from most to least abundant.
Rank the WBC's from most to least abundant.
Neutrophil?
Neutrophil?
Lymphocyte?
Lymphocyte?
Monocyte?
Monocyte?
Eosinophil?
Eosinophil?
Basophils?
Basophils?
What are chemoheterotrophs?
What are chemoheterotrophs?
What are chemoautotrophs & photoautotrophs?
What are chemoautotrophs & photoautotrophs?
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use aerobic respiration as a way to produce ATP, but you get the (most/least) ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes.
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use aerobic respiration as a way to produce ATP, but you get the (most/least) ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes.
What is the final electron acceptor?
What is the final electron acceptor?
What are medically important fungi that exhibit dimorphism?
What are medically important fungi that exhibit dimorphism?
What makes up the envelope of some viruses?
What makes up the envelope of some viruses?
Fungi that cause systemic mycoses live where?
Fungi that cause systemic mycoses live where?
What are the three stages of syphilis?
What are the three stages of syphilis?
Which stages of syphilis are infective?
Which stages of syphilis are infective?
Why is mycobacterium hard to treat?
Why is mycobacterium hard to treat?
Septicemia is also known as?
Septicemia is also known as?
Bacteremia is ______________ in the blood.
Bacteremia is ______________ in the blood.
Inflammation is stimulated by chemicals such as?
Inflammation is stimulated by chemicals such as?
Plasma cells make?
Plasma cells make?
What is clonal selection?
What is clonal selection?
Where do monocytes and macrophages bond to on an antibody?
Where do monocytes and macrophages bond to on an antibody?
What activates the cell mediated response of the immune system?
What activates the cell mediated response of the immune system?
Transcription?
Transcription?
Translation?
Translation?
What bacteria causes Tetanus?
What bacteria causes Tetanus?
What bacteria causes Strep?
What bacteria causes Strep?
What bacteria causes Lyme disease?
What bacteria causes Lyme disease?
What bacteria causes Pneumococcal meningitis?
What bacteria causes Pneumococcal meningitis?
What bacteria causes Tuberculosis?
What bacteria causes Tuberculosis?
What bacteria causes Staphylococcal food poisoning?
What bacteria causes Staphylococcal food poisoning?
What bacteria causes Salmonellosis?
What bacteria causes Salmonellosis?
What bacteria causes Syphilis?
What bacteria causes Syphilis?
First line of defense?
First line of defense?
Second line of defense?
Second line of defense?
Third line of defense?
Third line of defense?
Alpha hemolysis?
Alpha hemolysis?
Beta hemolysis?
Beta hemolysis?
DTaP vaccine?
DTaP vaccine?
Tuberculosis vaccine?
Tuberculosis vaccine?
Intoxication?
Intoxication?
Infection?
Infection?
Malaria transmission?
Malaria transmission?
Chicken pox (herpes simplex 3) goes latent where?
Chicken pox (herpes simplex 3) goes latent where?
Herpes 1 goes latent where?
Herpes 1 goes latent where?
Pseudopods (eukaryotic membrane)?
Pseudopods (eukaryotic membrane)?
Axial filaments (endoflagellum)?
Axial filaments (endoflagellum)?
Flagella?
Flagella?
Reverse transcriptase?
Reverse transcriptase?
Chaga's disease (American - T. Cruzi) transmission?
Chaga's disease (American - T. Cruzi) transmission?
West Nile transmission?
West Nile transmission?
Sleeping sickness (African - T. Bruci) transmission?
Sleeping sickness (African - T. Bruci) transmission?
What causes chicken pox (Varicella-zoster virus)?
What causes chicken pox (Varicella-zoster virus)?
Leukocytes aka?
Leukocytes aka?
Vector is also another word for?
Vector is also another word for?
Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the development of disease by Clostridial species?
Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the development of disease by Clostridial species?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Prokaryotic Ribosome Subunits
Prokaryotic Ribosome Subunits
Prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of two subunits: a 50S subunit and a 30S subunit, which together form a 70S ribosome.
Eukaryotic Ribosome Subunits
Eukaryotic Ribosome Subunits
Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of two subunits: a 60S subunit and a 40S subunit, which together form an 80S ribosome.
Log Phase of Bacterial Growth
Log Phase of Bacterial Growth
The log phase is a period of rapid bacterial growth where the population doubles with each generation under optimal conditions.
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Noncompetitive Inhibition
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Candida albicans
Candida albicans
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Viral Capsid
Viral Capsid
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Viral Envelope
Viral Envelope
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Uncoating of Animal Viruses
Uncoating of Animal Viruses
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Gamma Radiation Sterilization
Gamma Radiation Sterilization
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Hepatitis A Transmission
Hepatitis A Transmission
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Meningitis Causative Agents
Meningitis Causative Agents
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Helper T Cells
Helper T Cells
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Plasma Cells
Plasma Cells
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Histamines and Leukotrienes
Histamines and Leukotrienes
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Competent Cells
Competent Cells
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RNA Polymerase Function
RNA Polymerase Function
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Obligate Intracellular Parasites
Obligate Intracellular Parasites
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Penicillin Discovery
Penicillin Discovery
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Fimbriae & Pili
Fimbriae & Pili
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Antigenic Shifts in Influenza
Antigenic Shifts in Influenza
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Septicemia
Septicemia
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Lines of Defense
Lines of Defense
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Antibody Types
Antibody Types
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White Blood Cell Abundance
White Blood Cell Abundance
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Fungal Dimorphism
Fungal Dimorphism
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Systemic Mycoses
Systemic Mycoses
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Syphilis Stages
Syphilis Stages
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Tetanus Treatment
Tetanus Treatment
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Streptococcus mutans and Clostridium tetani
Streptococcus mutans and Clostridium tetani
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Treponema pallidum
Treponema pallidum
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Vector Transmission
Vector Transmission
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Reverse Transcriptase
Reverse Transcriptase
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Beta-lactamase Enzymes
Beta-lactamase Enzymes
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Intoxication vs. Infection
Intoxication vs. Infection
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Features
- Ribosomes are present in all prokaryotic organisms.
- Prokaryotic ribosome subunits total 70S (50 + 30), while eukaryotic ribosome subunits total 80S (60 + 40).
Bacterial Growth Phases
- During the log phase, bacterial populations double under optimal conditions.
Enzyme Activity
- Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the allosteric site of enzymes, halting their reactions.
Fungal Infections
- Candida albicans is the causative agent of yeast infections like thrush.
Virus Structure
- The capsid is the outer protein coat of a simple virus particle.
- Some viruses have an envelope composed of phospholipids derived from the host cell membrane.
Viral Life Cycle
- In the lysogenic cycle of animal viruses, uncoating occurs between penetration and biosynthesis phases.
Sterilization Techniques
- Gamma radiation is used to sterilize disposable prepackaged gloves.
Hepatitis and Food Safety
- Hepatitis A can be contracted from eating raw tomatoes or green onions in restaurants.
Meningitis Causative Agents
- Bacteria causing meningitis attach and multiply in the upper respiratory system.
Immune Response
- Helper T cells are crucial for activating both humoral and cell-mediated immune functions.
- Plasma cells produce antibodies and release them into the bloodstream.
Chemical Mediators
- Histamines and leukotrienes stimulate inflammation.
Genetic Competence
- Cells are termed competent when their cell walls allow foreign DNA to enter.
Enzyme Functions
- RNA polymerase is responsible for assembling free nucleotides to create RNA.
Obligate Intracellular Parasites
- Rickettsias and Chlamydias are similar to viruses as they must live inside host cells.
Antibiotic Discoveries
- Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, which remains the least effective antibiotic due to increased resistance.
Bacterial Structures
- Fimbriae assist in attachment, whereas pili facilitate bacterial conjugation (sex).
Viral Antigen Variation
- New strains of influenza arise via antigenic shifts.
Infection and Disease
- Septicemia refers to blood poisoning, characterized by the presence of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia).
Defense Mechanisms
- The first line of defense includes skin and mucous membranes; the second line involves white blood cells and inflammatory responses; third line comprises lymphocytes and antibodies.
Antibody Types
- IgG: Long-lasting immunity, can cross the placenta, monomer.
- IgA: Most abundant, found in secretions.
- IgM: First antibody response, pentamer structure.
- IgD: Found on B-cells, helps initiate immune response.
- IgE: Involved in allergic reactions, found on basophils.
White Blood Cell Rankings
- Neutrophils are the most abundant, followed by lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
Fungal Dimorphism
- Medically important fungi can exist as both yeast-like and filamentous forms.
Systemic Mycoses
- Fungi causing systemic mycoses thrive as saprophytes in soil.
Syphilis Stages
- The three stages are primary (chancre sores), secondary (rash), and tertiary (gummas), with only the primary and secondary stages being infectious.
Treatment of Diseases
- Vaccination (DTaP) is effective against tetanus; if unvaccinated, tetanus immune globulin is required.
Pathogen Identification
- Streptococcus mutans is responsible for cavities, while Clostridium tetani causes tetanus.
- Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis.
Vector Transmissions
- Diseases like malaria (Anopheles mosquito), Chagas disease (kissing bug), West Nile virus (mosquito), and sleeping sickness (tsetse fly) are transmitted by specific vectors.
Reverse Transcription
- Reverse transcriptase converts DNA back into RNA.
Bacterial Immunity Mechanisms
- Beta-lactamase enzymes confer resistance to penicillin, demonstrating a mechanism for bacterial survival against antibiotics.
Infection Definitions
- Intoxication involves illness due to bacterial toxins ingested with food, while infection refers to illnesses caused by live bacterial pathogens that grow in the body.
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