Microbiology Final Exam Questions

Questions and Answers

What is found in ALL prokaryotic organisms?

Ribosomes

What is the best description of the log phase of a bacterial growth curve?

Populations double under optimum conditions

Through feedback inhibition, a noncompetitive inhibitor of enzyme activity would...

Bind to the allosteric site of the enzyme and stop the reaction

Yeast infections such as thrush are caused by what?

Candida albicans Signup and view all the answers

The outer protein coat of a simple virus particle is called?

Capsid Signup and view all the answers

In the disease cycle of animal viruses (Lysogenic), uncoating takes place between which two stages?

Penetration and biosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What would be used to sterilize disposable prepackaged gloves?

Gamma Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hepatitis might you acquire by eating raw tomatoes or green onions at a restaurant?

Hepatitis A Signup and view all the answers

The bacteria that causes meningitis usually attach and multiply in which area of the body?

Upper respiratory system Signup and view all the answers

Helper T cells...

Function in both humoral and cell-mediated immune function activation Signup and view all the answers

The function of chemical substances such as histamine and leukotrienes would be?

To stimulate inflammation Signup and view all the answers

A cell is said to be _______________ when its cell wall is permeable to foreign DNA.

Competent Signup and view all the answers

An enzyme that assembles free nucleotides to make a molecule of RNA is?

RNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What do Rickettsias and Chlamydias have in common with viruses?

They are both obligated to live inside of a host cell Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered penicillin?

Alexander Flemming Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?

Pili is involved in bacterial sex (conjugation), whereas fimbriae is just for attachment Signup and view all the answers

New strains of the flu are made through _ _.

Antigenic shifts Signup and view all the answers

Prokaryotic ribosome subunits = ?

50 + 30 = 70 Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotic ribosome subunits = ?

60 + 40 = 80 Signup and view all the answers

Fermenters?

Homolactic, Alcohol, Ethanol Signup and view all the answers

The prefix for fungi is?

Myco- Signup and view all the answers

Endotoxin?

Gram negative Signup and view all the answers

Exotoxin?

Gram positive Signup and view all the answers

Lytic?

The virus hijacks the cell and then destroys it Signup and view all the answers

Lysogenic?

The virus integrates itself into the DNA and stays there indefinitely Signup and view all the answers

What is the least effective antibiotic?

Penicillin Signup and view all the answers

What does betalactimase do?

Creates resistance to penicillin Signup and view all the answers

Chlamydia has _____________ bodies.

elementary Signup and view all the answers

Treatment for tetanus?

If you have been vaccinated (DTaP) before exposure: If you have not been vaccinated: Tetanus immune globulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of blindness?

Trachoma Signup and view all the answers

What causes trachoma?

Chlamydia Signup and view all the answers

Varicella zoster aka?

Chicken pox Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria causes cavities?

Streptococcus mutans Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria use?

CAPSULES Signup and view all the answers

Where does transcription occur?

The nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Where does translation occur?

The cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What develops as a complication of strep throat?

Rheumatic fever Signup and view all the answers

IgG?

Previous exposure, Can cross the placenta, Monomer, Longer lasting immunity Signup and view all the answers

IgA?

Dimer, Secretions (saliva, tears), Most abundant Signup and view all the answers

IgM?

Pentomer, Held together by 'J-chain', 1st antibody to react, Largest, Current infection Signup and view all the answers

IgD?

Monomer, Found on surface of B-cells, Helps immediate immune response Signup and view all the answers

IgE?

Monomer, On Basophils, Allergic reactions & Parasitic worms Signup and view all the answers

Rank the WBC's from most to least abundant.

Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophil?

Phagocytic Signup and view all the answers

Lymphocyte?

Specific immunity T-cells, B-cells & natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

Monocyte?

Phagocytic as mature macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Eosinophil?

Toxic to parasites Signup and view all the answers

Basophils?

Produce histamines to combat allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

What are chemoheterotrophs?

Organisms that get carbon from organic material such as proteins, carbohydrates & lipids Signup and view all the answers

What are chemoautotrophs & photoautotrophs?

They get their carbon from carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use aerobic respiration as a way to produce ATP, but you get the (most/least) ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes.

Most Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What are medically important fungi that exhibit dimorphism?

Yeast-like & filamentous fungi Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the envelope of some viruses?

Phospholipids from the host cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Fungi that cause systemic mycoses live where?

They live in the soil as saprophytes Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of syphilis?

Primary stage - chancre sores, Secondary stage - rash on soles of feet and palms, Tertiary stage - gummas Signup and view all the answers

Which stages of syphilis are infective?

The primary and secondary stages Signup and view all the answers

Why is mycobacterium hard to treat?

Because it has a slow metabolic and growth rate Signup and view all the answers

Septicemia is also known as?

Blood poisoning Signup and view all the answers

Bacteremia is ______________ in the blood.

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is stimulated by chemicals such as?

Histamines and leukotrienes Signup and view all the answers

Plasma cells make?

Antibodies & release them into the blood stream Signup and view all the answers

What is clonal selection?

The process by which B-cells are activated by an antigen Signup and view all the answers

Where do monocytes and macrophages bond to on an antibody?

The Fc region Signup and view all the answers

What activates the cell mediated response of the immune system?

Antigen presenting cells Signup and view all the answers

Transcription?

DNA ------> RNA Signup and view all the answers

Translation?

RNA ------> Protein Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria causes Tetanus?

Clostridium tetani Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria causes Strep?

Streptococcus pyogens Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria causes Lyme disease?

Borellia burgdorferi Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria causes Pneumococcal meningitis?

Streptococcus pneumoniae Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria causes Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria causes Staphylococcal food poisoning?

Staphylococcus aureus Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria causes Salmonellosis?

Salmonella enterica Signup and view all the answers

What bacteria causes Syphilis?

Treponema pallidum Signup and view all the answers

First line of defense?

skin, mucous membrane, secretions Signup and view all the answers

Second line of defense?

white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

Third line of defense?

lymphocytes & antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Alpha hemolysis?

partial lysis; green halo Signup and view all the answers

Beta hemolysis?

full lysis; clear halo Signup and view all the answers

DTaP vaccine?

Diptheria, Tetanus, & Pertussis Signup and view all the answers

Tuberculosis vaccine?

BCG Signup and view all the answers

Intoxication?

illness in which bacterial toxins are ingested with food or water Signup and view all the answers

Infection?

illness in which live bacterial pathogens are ingested and grow in the body Signup and view all the answers

Malaria transmission?

Anopheles mosquito Signup and view all the answers

Chicken pox (herpes simplex 3) goes latent where?

Ganglia Signup and view all the answers

Herpes 1 goes latent where?

Trigeminal Signup and view all the answers

Pseudopods (eukaryotic membrane)?

locomotion and engulfing phagocytes (white blood cell) Signup and view all the answers

Axial filaments (endoflagellum)?

spirochete locomotion wrapping Signup and view all the answers

Flagella?

locomotion in all 3 domains Signup and view all the answers

Reverse transcriptase?

takes DNA back to RNA Signup and view all the answers

Chaga's disease (American - T. Cruzi) transmission?

kissing bug - vector Signup and view all the answers

West Nile transmission?

mosquito - vector Signup and view all the answers

Sleeping sickness (African - T. Bruci) transmission?

tsetse fly - vector Signup and view all the answers

What causes chicken pox (Varicella-zoster virus)?

Human herpes virus 3 Signup and view all the answers

Leukocytes aka?

White blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Vector is also another word for?

Plasmid (DNA injection) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the development of disease by Clostridial species?

ENDOt toxin formation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Features

Ribosomes are present in all prokaryotic organisms.
Prokaryotic ribosome subunits total 70S (50 + 30), while eukaryotic ribosome subunits total 80S (60 + 40).

Bacterial Growth Phases

During the log phase, bacterial populations double under optimal conditions.

Enzyme Activity

Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the allosteric site of enzymes, halting their reactions.

Fungal Infections

Candida albicans is the causative agent of yeast infections like thrush.

Virus Structure

The capsid is the outer protein coat of a simple virus particle.
Some viruses have an envelope composed of phospholipids derived from the host cell membrane.

Viral Life Cycle

In the lysogenic cycle of animal viruses, uncoating occurs between penetration and biosynthesis phases.

Sterilization Techniques

Gamma radiation is used to sterilize disposable prepackaged gloves.

Hepatitis and Food Safety

Hepatitis A can be contracted from eating raw tomatoes or green onions in restaurants.

Meningitis Causative Agents

Bacteria causing meningitis attach and multiply in the upper respiratory system.

Immune Response

Helper T cells are crucial for activating both humoral and cell-mediated immune functions.
Plasma cells produce antibodies and release them into the bloodstream.

Chemical Mediators

Histamines and leukotrienes stimulate inflammation.

Genetic Competence

Cells are termed competent when their cell walls allow foreign DNA to enter.

Enzyme Functions

RNA polymerase is responsible for assembling free nucleotides to create RNA.

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Rickettsias and Chlamydias are similar to viruses as they must live inside host cells.

Antibiotic Discoveries

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, which remains the least effective antibiotic due to increased resistance.

Bacterial Structures

Fimbriae assist in attachment, whereas pili facilitate bacterial conjugation (sex).

Viral Antigen Variation

New strains of influenza arise via antigenic shifts.

Infection and Disease

Septicemia refers to blood poisoning, characterized by the presence of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia).

Defense Mechanisms

The first line of defense includes skin and mucous membranes; the second line involves white blood cells and inflammatory responses; third line comprises lymphocytes and antibodies.

Antibody Types

IgG: Long-lasting immunity, can cross the placenta, monomer.
IgA: Most abundant, found in secretions.
IgM: First antibody response, pentamer structure.
IgD: Found on B-cells, helps initiate immune response.
IgE: Involved in allergic reactions, found on basophils.

White Blood Cell Rankings

Neutrophils are the most abundant, followed by lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

Fungal Dimorphism

Medically important fungi can exist as both yeast-like and filamentous forms.

Systemic Mycoses

Fungi causing systemic mycoses thrive as saprophytes in soil.

Syphilis Stages

The three stages are primary (chancre sores), secondary (rash), and tertiary (gummas), with only the primary and secondary stages being infectious.

Treatment of Diseases

Vaccination (DTaP) is effective against tetanus; if unvaccinated, tetanus immune globulin is required.

Pathogen Identification

Streptococcus mutans is responsible for cavities, while Clostridium tetani causes tetanus.
Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis.

Vector Transmissions

Diseases like malaria (Anopheles mosquito), Chagas disease (kissing bug), West Nile virus (mosquito), and sleeping sickness (tsetse fly) are transmitted by specific vectors.

Reverse Transcription

Reverse transcriptase converts DNA back into RNA.

Bacterial Immunity Mechanisms

Beta-lactamase enzymes confer resistance to penicillin, demonstrating a mechanism for bacterial survival against antibiotics.

Infection Definitions

Intoxication involves illness due to bacterial toxins ingested with food, while infection refers to illnesses caused by live bacterial pathogens that grow in the body.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards designed for your microbiology final exam. Each card covers essential concepts such as prokaryotic organisms, bacterial growth phases, and enzyme activity. Perfect for reviewing key topics and preparing for the exam.