Microbiology Exam 1 Review

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Questions and Answers

Which organism is responsible for anthrax?

Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureus

Vibrio cholerae

Bacillus anthracis (correct)

Biogenesis is the idea that life arises from non-living matter.

False

What is the definition of microbiology?

The study of organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

The system developed by Carolus Linnaeus for naming and classifying organisms is called __________.

taxonomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the germ theory?

Microorganisms are responsible for disease Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their contributions:

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek = First to view and describe living microbes Carolus Linnaeus = Developed a system of taxonomy Louis Pasteur = Promoted pasteurization Robert Koch = Established methods for identifying pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Fungi, protozoa, and algae are all classified as prokaryotes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of pasteurization?

To kill most bacteria in a liquid by heating. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the genus and specific epithet in biological nomenclature?

Genus is capitalized, specific epithet is lowercase Signup and view all the answers

Eukarya includes cell types that lack a nucleus.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Signup and view all the answers

Viruses are classified as __________ microbes.

acellular Signup and view all the answers

Match the scientist with their contribution to the spontaneous generation debate:

Aristotle = Proposed the idea of spontaneous generation Redi = Conducted experiments with sealed and unsealed flasks Needham = Concluded spontaneous generation after microbial growth Pasteur = Settled the debate with swan-neck flask experiments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conclusions did Lazzaro Spallanzani reach?

Microbes are present in the air and contaminate exposed flasks Signup and view all the answers

Francesco Redi's experiments supported the theory of spontaneous generation.

False Signup and view all the answers

What were the four questions scientists were trying to answer during the Golden Age of Microbiology?

<ol> <li>Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? 2) What causes fermentation? 3) What causes disease? 4) How can we prevent infection or disease?</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Outbreaks

Anthrax: Caused by Bacillus anthracis.
Cholera: Caused by Vibrio cholerae.

Definitions

Microbiology: Study of microorganisms, organisms invisible to the naked eye.
Microorganisms (microbes): Organisms that require a microscope for observation.
Taxonomy: System for naming and classifying organisms based on morphology and physiology.
Prokaryote: Organism without a membrane-bound nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
Eukaryote: Organism with a nucleus (e.g., plants, animals, fungi, protists).
Spontaneous Generation (abiogenesis): Concept of life arising from non-living matter.
Biogenesis: Theory that all living things arise from other living things.
Hypothesis: An educated guess.
Theory: Well-supported explanations based on scientific evidence.
Morphology: Study of organisms’ structure and appearance.
Etiology: Investigation of disease causes.
Germ theory: Concept that microorganisms cause diseases.
Pathogen: Specific microbes that lead to diseases.
Fermentation: Process where sugar is converted to alcohol or other byproducts.
Pasteurization: Method of heating to kill most bacteria before yeast addition.
Bioremediation: Use of microbes to clean environmental pollutants.
Chemotherapy: Use of chemicals for disease treatment, discovering "magic bullets."

Key Figures in Microbiology

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
- Dutch merchant known for pioneering microscopy.
- First to observe living microbes including prokaryotes, fungi, protozoa, algae, and small animals.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
- Developed a systematic nomenclature for organisms.
- Taxonomy: Naming and classifying organisms based on morphology and physiology.

Writing Organism Names

Genus: Always capitalized.
Specific epithet: Always lowercase.
Typing: Italics.
Handwritten: Underlined.

Three Domains of Life

Bacteria: Prokaryotic cells without a membrane-bound nucleus.
Archaea: Prokaryotic, metabolically diverse, inhabiting extreme environments.
Eukarya: Eukaryotic cells with a nucleus (e.g., plants, animals, fungi, protists).
Viruses: Acellular entities not part of the three domains, lacking cellular structure.

Golden Age of Microbiology Questions

Possibility of spontaneous generation of microbial life?
What causes fermentation?
What are the causes of diseases?
Methods to prevent infection or disease?

Spontaneous Generation Debate Contributors

Aristotle: Proposed spontaneous generation in 384-322 BC.
Francesco Redi: Challenged spontaneous generation in the 1600s with a meat experiment; concluded flies came from other flies.
John Turberville Needham: Supported spontaneous generation in the 1740s through a broth experiment; saw microbial growth in inadequately sealed flasks.
Lazzaro Spallanzani: Disproved spontaneous generation in 1799; demonstrated no microbial growth in properly sealed flasks.
Louis Pasteur: Conclusively disproved spontaneous generation in the 1860s using swan-neck flasks; demonstrated that life arises from pre-existing life, cementing the theory of biogenesis.

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Description

Prepare for your Microbiology Exam 1 with this review sheet covering Chapters 1 to 3. This quiz focuses on the history, overview, and specific outbreaks of Anthrax and Cholera, along with key definitions in microbiology. Test your understanding of microorganisms and taxonomy.