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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of ATP in cellular activities?
What is the primary difference between the plasma membrane of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Which type of bacterial cell wall is characterized by the presence of mycolic acid?
What is the term for the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy?
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Which type of microscope is used to observe microorganisms?
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What is the term for the 'building blocks' of proteins?
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What is the term for the movement of water molecules into a cell through a selectively permeable membrane?
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What is the term for the ability of a cell to maintain a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment?
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What is the term for the process by which a cell becomes resistant to antibiotics?
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Study Notes
Microbes and Their Impact
- Microbes affect our lives in various ways, including influencing our health, environment, and economy.
Microbiology Terminology
- Pathogen: a microorganism that causes disease
- Microbiome: the collection of microorganisms that inhabit a particular environment
- Normal microbiota: the microorganisms that are normally present in a particular environment
- Transient microbiota: microorganisms that are temporarily present in a particular environment
Chemical Reactions and Metabolism
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Three basic types of chemical reactions:
- Synthesis reactions
- Decomposition reactions
- Replacement reactions
- Metabolism: the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism
- Anabolism: the process of building molecules
- Catabolism: the process of breaking down molecules
- Endergonic reactions: reactions that require energy
- Exergonic reactions: reactions that release energy
- Acid: a substance that donates a hydrogen ion
- Base: a substance that accepts a hydrogen ion
- Salt: a substance formed by the reaction of an acid and a base
- pH: a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions
- Organic compounds: contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Inorganic compounds: do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Carbohydrates: composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- Lipids: composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- Proteins: composed of amino acids
- Nucleic acids: composed of nucleotides
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): the primary energy currency of the cell
Microscopy
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Path of light through a compound microscope:
- Light source
- Condenser lens
- Objective lens
- Eyepiece lens
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Parts of a microscope:
- Eyepiece
- Objective lens
- Stage
- Condenser lens
- Light source
- Total magnification: the product of the objective lens magnification and the eyepiece lens magnification
- Resolution: the minimum distance between two objects that can be distinguished as separate
Cellular Structure
- Prokaryotes: lack a true nucleus and have a simple cell structure
- Eukaryotes: have a true nucleus and a complex cell structure
-
Bacteria shapes:
- Bacillus (rod-shaped)
- Coccus (spherical)
- Spirillum (spiral)
- Scientific names: written in binomial nomenclature with genus and species names
- Glycocalyx: a layer of carbohydrate molecules on the surface of a cell
- Flagella: structures used for movement
- Axial filaments: structures used for movement
- Fimbriae: structures used for attachment
- Pili: structures used for DNA transfer
- Prokaryotic plasma membrane: composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Cell Transport and Walls
- Simple diffusion: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- Facilitated diffusion: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the aid of a transport protein
- Osmosis: the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- Active transport: the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration with the aid of a transport protein
- Hypertonic: a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell
- Hypotonic: a solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cell
- Isotonic: a solution with the same concentration of solutes as the cell
- Spores: dormant, resistant forms of bacteria that can survive extreme conditions
- Spore formation: a process of cellular differentiation that results in the formation of a spore
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Cell walls:
- Gram-positive bacteria: thick peptidoglycan layer
- Gram-negative bacteria: thin peptidoglycan layer with outer membrane
- Acid-fast bacteria: waxy mycolic acid layer
- Archaea: pseudopeptidoglycan layer
- Mycoplasmas: no cell wall
- Protoplast: a cell that has had its cell wall removed
- Spheroplast: a cell that has had its cell wall partially removed
- L-form: a cell that has lost its cell wall and is able to survive without it
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Description
Test your knowledge on the impact of microbes on our lives, and key concepts related to chemical reactions, metabolism, organic compounds, lipids, and building blocks of carbohydrates. Questions cover definitions, diagrams, and distinctions between different terms.
