Microbiology Chapter Overview

Questions and Answers

The charge of a basic dye adheres to the charge of bacterial cell surfaces.

positive; negative

Which of the following is a proper scientific name?

Escherichia coli

Which of the following is (are) mismatched? (Select all that apply)

Pure culture: diverse colonies evident (correct)

Streak plate technique: broth culture (correct)

A patient enters the hospital complaining of chest pains and bloody sputum. After an acid-fast stain, the presence of red, rod-shaped cells indicates the patient most likely has:

an infection caused by Nocardia or Mycobacterium spp. Signup and view all the answers

Put Koch's postulates in order from FIRST to LAST:

2, 1, 3, 4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a functionally similar pair of staining reagents?

nigrosin and malachite green Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED?

Lister: developed mouth wash Signup and view all the answers

Place the steps of the Gram stain in the correct order:

Crystal violet; Iodine; Alcohol-acetone; Safranin Signup and view all the answers

Living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the unaided eye are termed __________________.

Microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Choose the mismatched pairing(s). (Select all that apply)

Exchange reaction: AB + H2O → A + B Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid is incorrectly matched to its description?

Wax: Refers to any lipid which is solid at room temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is representative of a methyl group?

-CH3 Signup and view all the answers

Choose the true statement(s) about atoms. (Select all that apply)

An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Signup and view all the answers

_____________ are atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Isotopes Signup and view all the answers

The primary structure of a protein

all of the above Signup and view all the answers

After a 48-hour incubation with 35P, where would you most likely find it in Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

Nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

An atom's atomic number is 10 and atomic mass is 22. How many neutrons does the atom contain?

12 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not one of the four main groups of biomolecules?

electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

Salt: Formed by the combination of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are found in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria except ________.

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with the Gram negative OUTER MEMBRANE?

Teichoic acids Signup and view all the answers

How are L-forms different than Mycoplasma bacteria?

L-forms are resistant to certain environmental stresses like boiling and autoclaving. Signup and view all the answers

You have isolated a motile, Gram-positive cell with no visible nucleus. You can assume this cell has:

ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Identify the bacterium listed below which does NOT form endospores.

Staphylococcus aureus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are MISMATCHED?

Inclusions: membrane-bound organelles Signup and view all the answers

Why is it so difficult to kill acid-fast bacteria?

Mycolic acid makes it very difficult for drugs, nutrients, and gases to enter the cells. Signup and view all the answers

Most prokaryotic cells reproduce

by binary fission. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms best describes the arrangement of flagella in the above figure?

Lophotrichous flagella Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a function which the cytoskeleton performs?

passive transport of substances through the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following supports the endosymbiosis theory?

Mitochondria and prokaryotes both have 70S ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

You have isolated a new organism which has eukaryotic cells, is multicellular, grows as hyphae, does not perform photosynthesis, and has a cell wall. This organism most likely belongs to which kingdom?

Fungi Signup and view all the answers

Which grouping of parasitic helminths includes hookworms?

Roundworms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are incorrectly paired?

Smooth ER - Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

After getting a pedicure, Amy notices a whitening of her toenails. What type of infection is Amy experiencing?

Tinea (dermatophytic infection) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vesicles is incorrectly matched with its function?

Nucleus: houses carbohydrates for energy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not classified as eukaryotic?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is mismatched?

Ascospores: asexual spores Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with symptoms of severe gastrointestinal distress. A protozoan which moves via hair-like appendages is observed. The most likely cause of the infection is

Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of phage conversion?

Infection of Streptococcus pyogenes with T12 phage enables the bacteria to produce erythrogenic toxins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antiviral drug categories is incorrectly matched with its description?

Interferons: Used for postexposure prophylaxis Signup and view all the answers

All the following are DNA viruses except

Calciviridae Signup and view all the answers

Herpesviridae can become a provirus and remain in the host without producing any symptoms. This is an example of a(n) _____________ infection.

Latent Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the properties listed below is not used to classify viruses?

Type of antiviral drugs used to treat infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes viruses?

obligate intracellular parasites Signup and view all the answers

Broad tropism refers to the viral ability to

infect a wide range of host cells or tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which picture shows an icosahedral, enveloped virus with spikes?

Signup and view all the answers

There are six steps that occur during multiplication of herpesviruses. What is the third step?

Uncoating Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of a reverse transcriptase enzyme?

Makes DNA from viral RNA Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basic Dyes and Bacterial Cells

Basic dyes have a positive charge, allowing them to adhere to the negatively charged surfaces of bacterial cells.

Scientific Naming

"Escherichia coli" is correctly formatted as a scientific name, following binomial nomenclature.

Culture Techniques

Mismatches include:
- Streak plate technique cannot be directly associated with broth culture.
- Pure cultures should not show diverse colonies.

Diagnosis via Acid-Fast Staining

Red, rod-shaped cells from a throat swab may indicate an infection by Nocardia or Mycobacterium species.

Koch's Postulates

Follow the order: 2 (Isolate), 1 (Inoculate), 3 (Observe), 4 (Re-isolate).

Staining Reagents

Nigrosin is not functionally similar to malachite green.

Historical Figures in Microbiology

Lister is incorrectly credited for developing mouthwash.

Gram Staining Steps

The order of steps in Gram staining: Crystal violet, Iodine, Alcohol-acetone, Safranin.

Definition of Microorganisms

Microorganisms refer to living things that are typically too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Mismatched Reactions

Exchange reaction and dehydration synthesis contain errors in their pairings.

Lipid Classifications

Wax is incorrectly described as a solid lipid at room temperature.

Methyl Group Representation

A methyl group can be represented as -CH3.

Atomic Structure

Atoms are the smallest unit of an element.

Isotopes

Isotopes are atoms that share the same number of protons but differ in neutrons.

Protein Structure

The primary structure of a protein is defined by its amino acid sequence.

Radioisotope Experiment

The radioisotope 35P would localize in the nucleic acids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae after 48 hours.

Atomic Composition

An atom with an atomic number of 10 and atomic mass of 22 contains 12 neutrons.

Biomolecule Groups

Electrolytes do not belong to the four primary groups of biomolecules.

Incorrect Pairings

Salt is inaccurately defined as formed from hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

Cell Wall Composition

Gram-positive bacteria lack lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their cell walls.

Outer Membrane Characteristics

Teichoic acids are not found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

L-Forms vs. Mycoplasma

L-forms are resistant to environmental stresses, unlike Mycoplasma bacteria.

Bacterial Shapes

Streptococci are spherical-shaped bacteria that divide in chains.

Cell Characteristics

A motile, gram-positive cell without a visible nucleus still possesses ribosomes.

Endospore Formation

Staphylococcus aureus does not form endospores.

Inclusions and Organelles

Inclusions are not membrane-bound organelles.

Acid-Fast Bacteria Resistance

Mycolic acid present in acid-fast bacteria creates difficulty for drug and nutrient entry.

Prokaryotic Reproduction

Prokaryotic cells typically reproduce through binary fission.

Flagella Arrangement

Lophotrichous refers to a specific arrangement of flagella.

Cytoskeleton Functions

The cytoskeleton does not perform passive transport through the plasma membrane.

Endosymbiosis Theory Support

The similarity of 70S ribosomes in mitochondria and prokaryotes supports the endosymbiosis theory.

Classification of New Organism

Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that grow as hyphae and lack photosynthesis belong to the Fungi kingdom.

Parasitic Helminth Group

Hookworms are classified under roundworms.

Cell Organelle Functions

Smooth ER is incorrectly paired with the function of protein synthesis.

Dermatophytic Infection

A toenail infection presenting nucleated cells may indicate Tinea (dermatophytic infection).

Incorrect Vesicle Function Match

The nucleus does not house carbohydrates for energy.

Non-Eukaryotic Classification

Bacteria are not classified as eukaryotic organisms.

Fungi Spores Classification

Ascospores are inaccurately characterized as asexual spores.

Protozoan Infection

Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan, is the likely cause of gastrointestinal distress when bacterial and viral pathogens are ruled out.

Phage Conversion Example

Infection of Streptococcus pyogenes by T12 phage grants it the ability to produce erythrogenic toxins, causing scarlet fever.

Antiviral Drug Categories

Interferons are wrongly matched as treatments for postexposure prophylaxis.

Viral Classification

Calciviridae is classified as a RNA virus and not as a DNA virus.

Latent Viral Infections

Herpesviridae can exist as a provirus, periodically reactivating and causing symptoms, classified as a latent infection.

Virus Classification Properties

The type of antiviral drugs used is not a property for classifying viruses.

Virus Characteristics

Viruses are best described as obligate intracellular parasites.

Broad Tropism

Refers to a virus's capacity to infect a diverse range of host cells or tissues.

Herpesvirus Multiplication

Uncoating is identified as the third step in herpesvirus multiplication.

Reverse Transcriptase Function

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA from viral RNA.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in microbiology, including staining techniques, culture methods, and bacterial identification. This quiz covers important historical figures, Koch's postulates, and the appropriate use of basic dyes. Challenge yourself and reinforce your understanding of microbiological principles.