Microbiology Chapter Overview

Basic Dyes and Bacterial Cells

• Basic dyes have a positive charge, allowing them to adhere to the negatively charged surfaces of bacterial cells.

Scientific Naming

• "Escherichia coli" is correctly formatted as a scientific name, following binomial nomenclature.

Culture Techniques

• Mismatches include:
  • Streak plate technique cannot be directly associated with broth culture.
  • Pure cultures should not show diverse colonies.

Diagnosis via Acid-Fast Staining

• Red, rod-shaped cells from a throat swab may indicate an infection by Nocardia or Mycobacterium species.

Koch's Postulates

• Follow the order: 2 (Isolate), 1 (Inoculate), 3 (Observe), 4 (Re-isolate).

Staining Reagents

• Nigrosin is not functionally similar to malachite green.

Historical Figures in Microbiology

• Lister is incorrectly credited for developing mouthwash.

Gram Staining Steps

• The order of steps in Gram staining: Crystal violet, Iodine, Alcohol-acetone, Safranin.

Definition of Microorganisms

• Microorganisms refer to living things that are typically too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Mismatched Reactions

• Exchange reaction and dehydration synthesis contain errors in their pairings.

Lipid Classifications

• Wax is incorrectly described as a solid lipid at room temperature.

Methyl Group Representation

• A methyl group can be represented as -CH3.

Atomic Structure

• Atoms are the smallest unit of an element.

Isotopes

• Isotopes are atoms that share the same number of protons but differ in neutrons.

Protein Structure

• The primary structure of a protein is defined by its amino acid sequence.

Radioisotope Experiment

• The radioisotope 35P would localize in the nucleic acids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae after 48 hours.

Atomic Composition

• An atom with an atomic number of 10 and atomic mass of 22 contains 12 neutrons.

Biomolecule Groups

• Electrolytes do not belong to the four primary groups of biomolecules.

Incorrect Pairings

• Salt is inaccurately defined as formed from hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

Cell Wall Composition

• Gram-positive bacteria lack lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their cell walls.

Outer Membrane Characteristics

• Teichoic acids are not found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

L-Forms vs. Mycoplasma

• L-forms are resistant to environmental stresses, unlike Mycoplasma bacteria.

Bacterial Shapes

• Streptococci are spherical-shaped bacteria that divide in chains.

Cell Characteristics

• A motile, gram-positive cell without a visible nucleus still possesses ribosomes.

Endospore Formation

• Staphylococcus aureus does not form endospores.

Inclusions and Organelles

• Inclusions are not membrane-bound organelles.

Acid-Fast Bacteria Resistance

• Mycolic acid present in acid-fast bacteria creates difficulty for drug and nutrient entry.

Prokaryotic Reproduction

• Prokaryotic cells typically reproduce through binary fission.

Flagella Arrangement

• Lophotrichous refers to a specific arrangement of flagella.

Cytoskeleton Functions

• The cytoskeleton does not perform passive transport through the plasma membrane.

Endosymbiosis Theory Support

• The similarity of 70S ribosomes in mitochondria and prokaryotes supports the endosymbiosis theory.

Classification of New Organism

• Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that grow as hyphae and lack photosynthesis belong to the Fungi kingdom.

Parasitic Helminth Group

• Hookworms are classified under roundworms.

Cell Organelle Functions

• Smooth ER is incorrectly paired with the function of protein synthesis.

Dermatophytic Infection

• A toenail infection presenting nucleated cells may indicate Tinea (dermatophytic infection).

Incorrect Vesicle Function Match

• The nucleus does not house carbohydrates for energy.

Non-Eukaryotic Classification

• Bacteria are not classified as eukaryotic organisms.

Fungi Spores Classification

• Ascospores are inaccurately characterized as asexual spores.

Protozoan Infection

• Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan, is the likely cause of gastrointestinal distress when bacterial and viral pathogens are ruled out.

Phage Conversion Example

• Infection of Streptococcus pyogenes by T12 phage grants it the ability to produce erythrogenic toxins, causing scarlet fever.

Antiviral Drug Categories

• Interferons are wrongly matched as treatments for postexposure prophylaxis.

Viral Classification

• Calciviridae is classified as a RNA virus and not as a DNA virus.

Latent Viral Infections

• Herpesviridae can exist as a provirus, periodically reactivating and causing symptoms, classified as a latent infection.

Virus Classification Properties

• The type of antiviral drugs used is not a property for classifying viruses.

Virus Characteristics

• Viruses are best described as obligate intracellular parasites.

Broad Tropism

• Refers to a virus's capacity to infect a diverse range of host cells or tissues.

Herpesvirus Multiplication

• Uncoating is identified as the third step in herpesvirus multiplication.

Reverse Transcriptase Function

• Reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA from viral RNA.