Microbiology Chapter on Antibiotics

<p>Penicillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rapid development and effect of new antibiotics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding cells is fundamental to understanding life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To target and disable or kill invading bacteria, while avoiding harm to the host (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are designed to bind to specific structures found in bacteria, and not in human cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-enclosed organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is coiled into a nucleoid region not separated by membranes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The organelles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To separate the cell from its external surroundings and regulate the movement of substances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain unique chemical environments within organelles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a nucleoid region (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic cytoplasm occupies the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic cells evolved approximately 3.5 billion years ago, much earlier than eukaryotic cells, appearing around 2.1 billion years ago. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic cells are about one-tenth the length of a typical eukaryotic cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic cells typically have a singular, circular chromosome, while eukaryotic cells have one or more linear chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To build proteins based on gene instructions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To carry substances to other parts of the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It lacks ribosomes on its surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detoxifying circulating drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing its own volume and the amount of detoxifying enzymes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To receive, finish (add details), store and distribute proteins that are made in the ER. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inside transport vesicles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transfer proteins to the membrane or secrete products outside the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mark the proteins for and sort them into batches for different destinations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down large molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shipping or trans side. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By fusing with food vacuoles and digesting their contents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They engulf and recycle damaged organelles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They release enzymes that sculpt tissues by digesting specific structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Engorgement of lysosomes with indigestible substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ER and Golgi apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By producing a toxin that alters plasma membrane proteins, leading to excessive fluid excretion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to genetic mutations that have spread throughout the population over many generations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plasma membrane proteins of intestinal cells, which leads to excessive fluid loss. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The environment promotes selective pressure towards resistant individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By revealing mechanisms for human adaptation to pathogen presence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes the cells to excrete excessive amounts of fluid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decrease the susceptibility of the individuals' plasma membrane proteins to the cholera toxin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs that disable or kill infectious bacteria.

The first antibiotic discovered in 1920, revolutionizing medicine.

A structure in bacteria vital for protein production, targeted by antibiotics.

Common antibiotics that bind to bacterial ribosomes.

An antibiotic targeting enzymes essential for bacterial chromosome maintenance.

Mechanism used by antibiotics like penicillin to attack bacterial cells.

Human chromosomes differ enough that antibiotics do not harm human cells.

Central concept in biology to comprehend how life functions.

A simple, single-celled organism without membrane-bound organelles.

A complex cell with membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus.

The organelle in eukaryotic cells that houses DNA, surrounded by a double membrane.

The region in prokaryotic cells containing coiled DNA, not membrane-bound.

Membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions.

The boundary that separates living cells from their nonliving surroundings, regulating transport.

Plasma membrane composed primarily of phospholipids, influencing its function.

Prokaryotic cells are simpler than eukaryotic cells, lacking internal compartments.

An organelle that synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs, lacking ribosomes.

Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and processes drugs, increasing tolerance with exposure.

The creation of lipids, including steroids, primarily in smooth ER.

The body's adaptation to drugs, requiring larger doses over time due to smooth ER increase.

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and ships chemical products received from the ER.

Membrane-bound carriers that transport proteins from ER to Golgi and beyond.

The process of modifying proteins as they pass through Golgi, adding tags for sorting.

A series of flattened membrane plates where proteins enter and exit in vesicles.

The jellylike fluid inside cells where organelles are suspended.

Structures made of DNA that carry genetic information.

Cellular structures that build proteins from genetic instructions.

Organelles surrounded by membranes, found only in eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells evolved approximately 3.5 billion years ago, eukaryotic cells around 2.1 billion years ago.

A membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes in animal cells.

Breaks down large molecules and digests harmful substances.

Enzymes that can digest proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.

Tiny sacs that engulf nutrients in some protists.

Hereditary disorders due to missing lysosomal enzymes.

A lysosomal storage disease lacking a lipid-digesting enzyme.

Large membrane-bound sacs in cells with various functions.

Lysosomes help shape structures by digesting unnecessary tissue.

The process where individuals better suited to the environment survive and reproduce more.

Differences in genes among individuals, influencing survival and reproductive success.

The ability of a population to withstand infections by harmful bacteria.

An infectious disease caused by cholera bacteria, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration.

A change in a gene that can provide an advantage for survival in a population.

Proteins located in the plasma membrane that can be targeted by cholera toxins.

The process organisms undergo to adjust to their environment for better survival.

Research that examines changes in species over time to understand survival adaptations.