Questions and Answers
What is the composition of the peptidoglycan layers found in the cell wall of bacteria?
Short amino acid chains, NAG, NAM, and some lipid proteins
What is the primary component of a Gram-positive bacterial cell wall?
Teichoic acids, single lipid bilayer membrane, thick layer of peptidoglycan
What is the primary component of a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall?
Lipopolysaccharides, dual lipid bilayer membrane, thin layer of peptidoglycan, periplasmic space
The cell wall of a bacterium helps maintain its shape despite osmotic pressure changes.
Signup and view all the answers
The presence of a cell wall is required for all living bacteria.
Signup and view all the answers
Bacterial flagella are firmly anchored to the cell wall for locomotion.
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the structural framework in a cell?
Signup and view all the answers
Where in a cell is ATP made?
Signup and view all the answers
What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
Signup and view all the answers
What covers rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
Where are lipids made in the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
Eukaryotic cells can undergo transcription and translation simultaneously.
Signup and view all the answers
A bacterial cell with a glycocalyx will be engulfed more quickly by defensive cells of the host.
Signup and view all the answers
The filament and basal body are associated with which external structures found in some bacterial cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Peptidoglycans are composed of sugars and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
One chain of alternating NAGs and NAMs is connected to another chain via ____.
Signup and view all the answers
One of the main differences between a Gram-positive and a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is that the peptidoglycan portion of a Gram-positive cell wall is _____ as compared to a Gram-negative cell wall.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Peptidoglycan
- Peptidoglycan consists of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) sugars.
- It forms a chain-link fence structure with amino acids linking polymer chains.
- Provides rigidity and shape to bacterial cells, enabling them to withstand osmotic pressure.
Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall
- Characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer.
- Contains teichoic acids in its structure.
- Surrounded by a single lipid bilayer membrane.
Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
- Features a thin layer of peptidoglycan.
- Contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and has a dual lipid bilayer membrane.
- Has a periplasmic space between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan layer.
Importance of Cell Wall
- Acts as a support mechanism, maintaining cell shape against environmental osmotic pressures.
- The rigidity of the cell wall allows for shape preservation during water influx or efflux.
- Proteins and lipids anchor the cytoplasmic membrane to the peptidoglycan layer, providing stability.
Necessity of Cell Wall
- Not all bacteria require a cell wall for survival.
- Some species can exist without it.
Functionality of Bacterial Appendages
- Flagella require a strong foundation from the cell wall for movement.
- The motor for flagella rotation is powered by proton motive force, not ATP directly.
- Flagella utilize a biological motor structure to propel bacteria.
Genetic Information Storage
- DNA is stored in the nucleus, containing the genetic blueprint for the cell.
Structural Framework of the Cell
- The cytoskeleton serves as the cell's structural framework, maintaining shape and facilitating movement.
ATP Production
- ATP is generated in the mitochondria, powering cellular functions.
mRNA Role
- mRNA acts as a messenger, transporting genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Types
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is distinct due to ribosomes on its surface, while smooth ER is not.
- Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis; smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
Endomembrane System
- Includes components like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.
- It functions in the manufacture, processing, and packaging of proteins.
Lysosome Function
- Lysosomes contain enzymes that degrade worn-out organelles and cellular debris.
Lipid Synthesis Location
- Lipid synthesis occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Plasma Membrane Role
- The plasma membrane is a selective barrier, regulating material movement into and out of the cell.
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
- Eukaryotic cells possess a nuclear envelope, membrane-bound organelles, and DNA with histones.
- They cannot perform transcription and translation simultaneously.
Glycocalyx in Bacteria
- Glycocalyx provides protection from desiccation, allows surface attachment, and can enhance pathogenicity.
- It does not facilitate faster engulfment by host defensive cells.
Flagella Structure
- Composed of a filament and basal body that aid in bacterial movement.
Peptidoglycan Composition
- Comprised of sugars (NAG and NAM) and amino acids.
- The "peptido" portion refers to the amino acids that form tetrapeptides.
Peptidoglycan Linkage
- Chains of NAG and NAM are interconnected by tetrapeptides, which consist of four amino acids.
Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Layers
- The Gram-positive cell wall’s peptidoglycan layer is significantly thicker compared to that of Gram-negative bacteria.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz focuses on essential terms and concepts from the microbiology chapter, particularly exploring the structure and function of peptidoglycan. Understand how its components contribute to the bacterial cell wall and overall bacterial integrity. Test your knowledge with these flashcards to strengthen your grasp of microbiological terminology.
