Microbiology Chapter: Disease and Prevention
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Which of the following individuals made significant contributions to the understanding of germ transmission and disease prevention?

  • Ignaz Semmelweis
  • Florence Nightingale
  • Joseph Lister
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What was the major innovation introduced by Joseph Lister in the field of surgery?

  • The development of sterile surgical instruments
  • The use of anesthesia to reduce pain during surgery
  • The use of a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections (correct)
  • The development of antiseptics to treat infections after surgery

    • What is the term used to describe the study of the spread of disease within a population?

  • Bacteriology
  • Epidemiology (correct)
  • Immunology
  • Virology

    • What is the main principle behind vaccination?

    <p>Introducing a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Koch's postulates?

    <p>They provide a framework for proving the causal relationship between a specific microbe and a specific disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a NOT a crucial step in Koch's postulates?

    <p>The infectious agent must be identified as the cause of the disease through microscopic examination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of Koch's postulates states that the infectious agent must be isolated and grown in a pure culture. For which type of microbe would this be challenging to achieve?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a public health measure used to prevent the spread of germs?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain of life is known for its adaptability to extreme environments and unusual biochemistry?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that defining microbial species is challenging?

    <p>They frequently exchange DNA horizontally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used to classify bacteria that involves staining?

    <p>Gram stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A filter with a pore size of 0.2 μm is commonly used to sterilize liquids. Which type of microbe is most likely to pass through this filter?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is unique to viruses and distinguishes them from all cellular organisms?

    <p>Not always double-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is foundational knowledge of microbes essential before studying specific pathogens?

    <p>To understand the relevance of information about pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides Gram stain, what other methodology is used to classify bacteria?

    <p>Metabolizing different substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of using masks regarding microbes?

    <p>To remove microorganisms by filtering air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the significance of Louis Pasteur's experiments with broth in flasks?

    <p>They showed that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Joseph Lister's work contribute to?

    <p>The practice of aseptic surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is credited with developing the Gram-staining procedure, a technique used to classify bacteria?

    <p>Christian Gram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the timeline provided, which two discoveries were made by Robert Koch?

    <p>Germ theory of disease and pure cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pasteurization?

    <p>To destroy spoilage bacteria while minimally affecting flavor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Winogradsky's discovery?

    <p>Characterization of the sulfur cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents a step from the germ theory of disease?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease was found to be caused by the bacterium Shigella dysenteriae?

    <p>Dysentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the trend in death rates from infectious diseases as presented in the graph?

    <p>A significant decrease over the past century, with some fluctuations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided information, which of these events likely had the most significant impact on public health as measured by a spike in deaths per 100,000 people?

    <p>The 1918 influenza pandemic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unlike other microbes, what is a key characteristic of viruses that makes them distinct?

    <p>They are noncellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information, under what circumstance might a microorganism typically be visible to the naked eye?

    <p>When the microorganism is a multicellular organism, or part of a microbial community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial first step in combating a microorganism of unknown type?

    <p>Isolating and characterizing the microorganism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the document, all of these are components of microbes, EXCEPT:

    <p>Prions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the provided data, what broader context is important to know about the COVID-19 pandemic?

    <p>It reversed the trend of deaths from infectious disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism shown isn't a virus? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Neisseria meningitidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant discovery made by Alexander Fleming in 1928?

    <p>The discovery of penicillin from <em>Penicillium</em> fungus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapeutic agent was developed by Paul Ehrlich to treat syphilis?

    <p>Salvarsan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines chemotherapy?

    <p>Treatment with chemicals targeting infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the timeline of significant discoveries during the Second Golden Age of Microbiology, who is recognized for discovering streptomycin?

    <p>Waksman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about Koch's postulates?

    <p>They help establish a link between a microbe and a disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural product was traditionally used to treat malaria?

    <p>Quinine from tree bark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key focus of the research conducted by Beadle and Tatum?

    <p>The genetic control of biochemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemotherapeutic approaches is not a direct product of either bacteria or fungi?

    <p>Synthetic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mycology?

    <p>The study of fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which researcher is known for their work on the hybridoma technique for therapeutic antibodies?

    <p>César Milstein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What revolutionary microscopy technique has improved the study of viruses?

    <p>Cryoelectron microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the causative agent of peptic ulcers?

    <p>Marshall and Warren</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes parasitology?

    <p>The study of parasitic protozoa and worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly defines immunology?

    <p>The study of immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for discovering HIV?

    <p>Barré-Sinoussi and Montagnier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of Youyou Tu to microbiology?

    <p>Extraction of artemisinin for malaria treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbiology Course Information

    • Course Name: Microbiology MCB2004
    • Meeting Times: MWF 12pm-12:50pm, HCB0102; M 4:30-5:30pm, HCB0102 or Zoom (details to follow)
    • Instructor: Dr. Kathryn Jones
    • Instructor Email: [email protected] (use this address!)
    • Teaching Assistant (TAs): Gabrielle Fisher and Calvin Mackey
    • TA Email: (See Canvas course site)
    • Office Hours: Dr. Jones: 1) Monday 12:50pm after class, 2) Monday 5:30pm-?, after recitation. Specific times for TAs available on Canvas.

    Microbiology Syllabus

    • Refer to the syllabus continuously for semester-long questions.
    • First quiz will include questions from the syllabus.
    • First-day attendance recorded by completing the Pre-Emergency Contact Form.

    Why Study Microbiology?

    • Microbiology important due to emerging/emerging infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and H5N1-Bird flu.
    • Hospital-acquired infections (nosocomial infections) are serious and easily spread.
    • Microbes harmless to one person can be dangerous to immunocompromised individuals.
    • Drug-resistant bacteria (e.g., Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile) pose a constant food-safety concern.
    • Many useful food additives, like xanthan gum, are produced by bacteria.

    Mortality Rates

    • Crude mortality rates for all causes, noninfectious diseases, and infectious diseases were shown in a graph spanning the years 1900-1980.
    • Key events, such as plague transmission end, municipal water chlorination initiation in the U.S., the first recorded use of penicillin, the Salk polio vaccine introduction, and the first AIDS case were visualized by the data points on the chart.

    SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 in context

    • 2020 was the first year, since 1946, where deaths per 100,000 people exceeded 1,000.
    • A graph showing US deaths from 1918 Spanish influenza and deaths from 1946 up to 2020 and 2008.

    Important Microorganisms

    • Zika virus (in neural cells)
    • Ebola virus
    • Human papillomavirus (causes genital warts, cervical cancer risk)
    • MRSA
    • Neisseria meningitidis
    • Chikungunya virus
    • Plasmodium falciparum (malaria parasite)
    • Liberibacter asiaticus (citrus-greening disease)
    • Listeria

    How to Study Unknown Microorganisms

    • Isolate: Can it grow outside a host?
    • Fight It: Is it susceptible to antibiotics or antivirals?
    • Prevent Transmission: How does it survive in the environment? Is it airborne?

    What are Microbes?

    • Microbes are living creatures (excluding viruses) with complex biological processes, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
    • Microbes are much more diverse than animals or plants.
    • Microbes vary in size and aren't always too small to see by the unaided eye (some are multicellular)
    • Some, such as biofilms, are often visible
    • Six major groups of microbes are viruses, bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, fungi, protozoa, and algae.

    Measuring Microbes

    • A microbe is generally less than 1mm during its lifespan.
    • Microbes are usually too small to be seen by the unaided eye (0.4mm).
    • Units of measurement: millimeter (10^-3 m), micrometer (10^-6 m), nanometer (10^-9 m), Angstrom (10^-10m), picometer (10^-12 m). Measurements are relative in size of microbes on scales of cells and their components.

    Relative Sizes of Specific Microbes

    • Approximate sizes of various microbes (e.g., Varicella-zoster virus, Prochlorococcus, Escherichia coli, Spirogyra, Pelomyxa).

    Layers of Masks Needed

    • Increased layers of fiber in a mask improve the ability to stop small particles.
    • Archaea have unique adaptations to extreme environments.
    • Unusual biochemistry in archaea is a basis for speculation about life on other planets. Microbes from different groups are related via evolutionary trees of cellular organisms, which include eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and, archaea.

    The Microbial Family Tree

    • Microbial species classification is challenging due to various factors (difficult to distinguish shapes, often reproduce asexually, exchange DNA without reproducing)
    • Biochemical procedures (e.g., Gram stain) are used for classification and so are DNA sequences.
    • Bacteria are named according to established taxonomic classifications

    Bacteria

    • Prokaryotic organisms without a nucleus.
    • DNA in the cytoplasm.
    • Cell walls made of peptidoglycans.
    • Divide by binary fission.
    • Various energy sources (organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, photosynthesis).
    • Some bacteria can move using flagella.
    • Many bacteria exist in human and other environments, with some beneficial and pathogenic varieties.

    Archaea

    • Prokaryotic; lack peptidoglycans in cell walls
    • Many lack cell walls
    • Live in extreme environments (e.g., high salt concentration, extremely high temperatures)
    • Unique biochemistry.

    Fungi

    • Eukaryotic organisms; chitin cell walls; derive energy from organic chemicals
    • Many fungi are multicellular, with masses of filaments called hyphae, and some are unicellular, like yeasts.

    Protozoa

    • Eukaryotic; absorb or ingest organic chemicals.
    • Mobility via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella.
    • Many beneficial protozoa consume waste.
    • Some protozoa cause diseases, like malaria (Plasmodium).

    Algae

    • Eukaryotic organisms; resemble plants in some ways including cellulose cell walls
    • Use photosynthesis for energy production
    • Produce oxygen in addition to various organic compounds
    • Help maintain atmospheric gases by CO2 consumption

    Endosymbiont Theory

    • Eukaryotes arose from prokaryotic organisms.
    • Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from engulfed bacteria (endosymbiosis).

    Viruses

    • Acellular (not complete cells).
    • DNA or RNA genome surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, and possibly an envelope.
    • Replicate only in living host cells (intracellular parasites).
    • Now being used in vaccines and gene therapy.

    Multicellular Parasites

    • Eukaryotic; multicellular animals, flatworms, and roundworms (helminths).
    • Microscopic stages in life cycles. Examples of some parasites (e.g., parasitic guinea worm)
    • Various foundations that work to treat human infections by using various parasites (e.g., Carter Foundation).

    Knowledge of Microbiology

    • Allows people to control microbial growth through various methods (e.g., preventing food spoilage, controlling disease occurrence)
    • Cultivating microbes important for generating food, medications, and cleaning waste/recycling.

    Course Assignments

    • Details on pre-emergency contact form, career goals survey, and a forthcoming vaccine survey assignment.

    Additional Information

    • Lecture 2: Introduction to the history and scope of microbiology
    • Scientific method: steps for understanding microbes
    • Microbiological discoveries (e.g., Hooke and Leeuwenhoek)
    • Spontaneous generation debate, including the work of Redi and Pasteur
    • Germ Theory of Disease
    • Koch's Postulates
    • The birth of modern chemotherapy (e.g., discovery of penicillin, synthetic drugs)
    • Milestones in Second and Third Golden Ages of Microbiology
    • Types of modern microbiology (e.g., immunology, normal microbiota)
    • Emerging infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, protozoal) with examples (e.g., Spanish flu, Avian flu, SARS, Zika virus, Ebola, Marburg, HIV/AIDS, COVID-19, MRSA)
    • Microbiology for human welfare (benefits and applications in areas like biotechnology and bioremediation)
    • Microbes and disease, including biofilms.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in microbiology related to disease transmission and prevention. This quiz covers crucial figures like Joseph Lister and Robert Koch, along with principles of germ theory and public health measures. Explore the challenges in classifying microbial species and more.

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