Microbiology Chapter 9 & 13 Review
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic feature of the growth curve during the Lag phase?

  • Rapid cell division occurs.
  • Nutrient depletion begins.
  • Cells are adapting to their environment. (correct)
  • The population declines rapidly.

    • Which method is used to measure viable bacterial counts?

  • Optical density measurement
  • Membrane filtration (correct)
  • Fluorescent counting
  • Microscopic counting

    • What is an example of a selective media?

  • Blood agar
  • MacConkey agar
  • Mannitol salt agar (correct)
  • Nutrient broth

    • Which of the following represents an obligate anaerobe's growth condition?

    <p>Does not require oxygen and may be harmed by it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes disinfectants from antiseptics?

    <p>Disinfectants can kill all microbial forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using a chemostat?

    <p>To maintain continuous microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is not a physical means of microbial control?

    <p>Halogen treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contribution did Alexander Fleming make to antimicrobial history?

    <p>Discovery of the antibiotic penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antimicrobial drug characteristics is described as 'narrow spectrum'?

    <p>Effective only against specific types of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DRT (Decimal Reduction Time) measure?

    <p>Time required to kill 90% of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of psychrophiles in relation to temperature?

    <p>They can grow at temperatures below 15°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term defines the process by which microbial growth is decreased or inhibited without killing the organism?

    <p>-static</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of quorum sensing in biofilms?

    <p>To regulate gene expression in response to cell density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a difference between sterilization and disinfection?

    <p>Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms, while disinfection reduces them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Z ring during binary fission?

    <p>It helps in the formation of the cell wall during division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do halophiles require to thrive in their environment?

    <p>High salt concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of physical microbial control?

    <p>Halogen treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Phenol coefficient in disinfectant testing?

    <p>It compares the effectiveness of a disinfectant to phenol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism was historically significant for the discovery of antibiotics?

    <p>Penicillium notatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs from narrow-spectrum drugs?

    <p>Broad-spectrum targets a wide variety of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the generation time of bacteria?

    <p>Presence of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the formation of biofilms, what role does EPS play?

    <p>It provides structural stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the difference between sterilization and sanitation?

    <p>Sterilization kills all microorganisms, while sanitation reduces their numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microbial control method is described as utilizing extreme pressure?

    <p>Autoclaving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes BSL-4 laboratories from lower levels of biosafety?

    <p>Handling of highly pathogenic organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanism of action of most disinfectants generally involves which of the following?

    <p>Destruction of the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mesophiles?

    <p>Resistance to very high temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial drug class is specifically known for being used against fungal infections?

    <p>Azoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines the term 'selective toxicity' in antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>It harms pathogens while minimizing damage to host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of measuring microbial growth is least likely to determine the total viable count?

    <p>Coulter counter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the growth phase in which microorganisms are adapting to their new environment and not yet dividing?

    <p>Lag phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a method used to control microbial growth through the application of high temperatures?

    <p>Pasteurization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in biofilm formation?

    <p>Stabilizing the biofilm structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of microorganisms can thrive in highly acidic environments?

    <p>Acidophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main distinctions between sterilization and disinfection in microbial control?

    <p>Sterilization kills all forms of microbial life; disinfection does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial characteristic refers to its ability to specifically target bacteria without harming human cells?

    <p>Selective toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'quorum sensing' refer to in microbial communities?

    <p>The communication among bacteria to coordinate behavior based on population density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a facultative anaerobe?

    <p>Prefers oxygen but can grow without it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of microbial control relies on the growth of organisms in a controlled environment to maintain a constant nutrient supply?

    <p>Chemostat method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 9 Review

    • Binary fission: Steps and Z ring assembly
    • Generation time: Calculating population time (general; no calculator needed)
    • Growth curve: Stages include Lag, Log, Stationary, and Death phases. Sustainable growth can occur in a chemostat.
    • Growth measurement methods: Microscopic, Fluorescent, Coulter, Viable count (CFU), Optical Density (OD), Membrane filtration, and MPN methods. Understand how each method works, when it is used, and its limitations.
    • CFU counting: Pour plate vs. spread plate methods, and count ranges.
    • Alternate growth patterns: Biofilms, steps of biofilm formation, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), quorum sensing.
    • Environmental factors: Impact on generation time and growth are oxygen (aerobes, anaerobes, facultative), temperature (thermophiles, psychrophiles, mesophiles), pH (acidophiles, neutrophiles), osmotic pressure and barometric pressure.

    Chapter 13 Review

    • Sterilization vs. Disinfection vs. Antisepsis vs. Degerming vs. Sanitation: Understand the differences in each.
    • Clean in clinic: Critical, semi-critical, and noncritical items classification
    • Chemical control: Phenolics, heavy metals, halogens, alcohols, surfactants, bisbiguanides, alkylating agents, peroxygens. When are they used? What are examples and limitations for each? Pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food preservatives.
    • Physical control: Heat (dry and moist), autoclaves, pasteurization, refrigeration, freezing, desiccation, lyophilization, water activity, radiation (ionizing and non-ionizing), filtration (membrane, HEPA), pressure, and sonication.
    • Disinfectant/preservative testing: Phenol coefficient, disk diffusion, use-dilution, and in-use tests.

    Chapter 14 Review

    • Brief history of antimicrobials: Scientists including Ehrlich, Klarer, Mietzch, Domagk, Fleming, Hodgkin, and Waksman - key contributions to the field.
    • Narrow vs. broad spectrum: Antimicrobials, understanding the target pathogens, and dosing.
    • Antimicrobial drugs: Study of individual drugs, their mechanism of action (MOA), targeted pathogens, and adverse effects.
    • Common uses, challenges, and adverse effects: Different classes of antimicrobials including antifungals, antiprotozoans, antihelminthics, and antivirals (ART inhibitors). Inhibition of bacterial cell walls, proteins, membranes, metabolic pathways, nucleic acids, and ATP synthesis are pathways of action.
    • Antibiotic resistance: Mechanisms, and examples. ESKAPE pathogens (VRE, VRSA, VISA, MRSA, ESBLs, CRE, MDR-TB, XDR-TB)
    • Testing for efficacy: Kirby-Bauer (zone of inhibition), and dilution tests (MIC, MBC, and Etest).
    • Current antibiotic discovery: Understand the different options, targets, and techniques.

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    Description

    This quiz covers important concepts from Microbiology chapters 9 and 13, focusing on microbial growth mechanisms, laboratory practices, and environmental influences on growth. Test your understanding of binary fission, growth curves, and sterilization techniques.

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