Microbiology Chapter 34 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What type of bacteria are bacilli?

  • Round shape
  • Rod shape (correct)
  • Irregular shape
  • Spiral shape

What type of bacteria are cocci?

  • Rod shape
  • Spiral shape
  • Round shape (correct)
  • Irregular shape

What does contagious mean?

Capable of being transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another.

What is culture in microbiology?

<p>The propagation of a mass of microorganisms in a laboratory culture medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is culture medium?

<p>A mixture of nutrients in which microorganisms are grown in the laboratory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to incubate?

<p>In microbiology, it refers to placing a culture in a chamber that provides optimal growth requirements for multiplication of the organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period?

<p>The interval of time between invasion by pathogenic microorganisms and the appearance of the first symptoms of disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an infectious disease?

<p>A disease caused by a pathogen that produces harmful effects on its host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does inoculate mean?

<p>To introduce microorganisms into a culture medium for growth and multiplication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is microbiology?

<p>The scientific study of microorganisms and their activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is normal flora?

<p>Harmless, nonpathogenic microorganisms that normally reside in many parts of the body but do not cause disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a specimen?

<p>A small sample or part taken from the body to show the nature of the whole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are spirilla?

<p>Bacteria that have a spiral or curved shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are microorganisms?

<p>Tiny living plants and animals that cannot be seen by the naked eye but must be viewed under a microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What life processes are performed within a unicellular microbe?

<p>All life processes used to sustain life; ingestion of food; energy, growth, reproduction and excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'microorganisms are ubiquitous'?

<p>They are found almost everywhere; in the air, in food and water, in the soil, and in association with plants, animals, and human life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe two examples of beneficial normal flora.

<ol> <li>Normal flora in the intestinal tract that feed on potentially harmful microorganisms; 2) Organisms found in the intestinal tract that synthesize vitamin K.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when pathogens invade the body?

<p>When a pathogen enters the body, it attempts to invade tissues so that it can grow and multiply. The body tries to stop the invasion with its natural defense mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defense mechanisms are used by the body against pathogens?

<p>Inflammation, phagocytosis by white blood cells, and antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is droplet infection?

<p>An infection that is indirectly transmitted by tiny contaminated droplets of moisture expelled from the upper respiratory tract of an infected individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the spread of droplet infection be prevented?

<p>Contagious individuals should cover their mouths and noses while coughing or sneezing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the incubation period?

<p>The interval of time between the invasion of a pathogen and the appearance of the first symptom of the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prodromal period of an infectious disease?

<p>A short period of time in which the first symptoms that indicate an approaching disease occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the acute period of an infectious disease?

<p>When the disease is at its peak and symptoms are fully developed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

<p>Boils, carbuncles, and abscesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three infectious diseases caused by Streptococci.

<p>Strep throat, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three infectious diseases caused by bacilli.

<p>Botulism, tetanus, and gas gangrene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do E. coli bacteria normally reside in the body?

<p>Found in normal flora of the large intestine in enormous numbers. If E. coli enters the urinary tract, it may cause a UTI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List four infectious diseases caused by viruses.

<p>Influenza, chickenpox, measles, mumps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage in microscopy?

<p>The flat, horizontal platform on which the microscope slide is placed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a substage condenser?

<p>The lens system between the light source and object that collects and concentrates the light rays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a diaphragm in microscopy?

<p>A series of horizontally arranged interlocking plates with a central opening that controls the amount of light needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is coarse adjustment?

<p>Used first to obtain an approximate focus quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fine adjustment?

<p>Used to obtain the precise focusing necessary to produce a sharp, clear image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an eyepiece (ocular lens)?

<p>The first lens system; located on the top of the body tube and marked 10x, meaning that it magnifies 10 times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is low power in microscopy?

<p>Used for the initial focusing and light adjustment; used for initial observation and scanning requirements needed for most microscopic work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is high power in microscopy?

<p>Used for more thorough study, such as observing cells in greater detail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is oil immersion?

<p>Provides the highest magnification and is used to view very small structures or the detail of larger structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using oil with the oil-immersion objective?

<p>Doesn't dry out; it provides a path for light to travel and prevents the scattering of light rays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List five guidelines for proper care of the microscope.

<ol> <li>Always carry the microscope with 2 hands. 2) Don't touch the lens. 3) Keep it covered with a plastic dust cover. 4) Clean it with mild soap. 5) Wipe the metal stage clean with gauze or tissue.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

List five common areas of the body from which a microbiologic specimen may be obtained.

<p>Throat, nose, wounds, cervix, or vagina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are extraneous microorganisms?

<p>Undesirable microorganisms that can enter the specimen and obscure identification of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two ways to prevent contamination of a specimen with extraneous microorganisms.

<ol> <li>All supplies used to obtain the specimen must be sterile. 2) Microorganisms should not be found in the specimen.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

List two precautions a medical assistant should take to prevent infecting themselves with a microbiologic specimen.

<ol> <li>Always wear gloves (OSHA compliant). 2) Eating, drinking, smoking, and applying makeup are forbidden.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Why should a specimen for microbial culture be processed as soon as possible after it is collected?

<p>To prevent death of pathogens or overgrowth of the specimen by microorganisms that are part of normal flora.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to indicate on a microbiology lab request that a patient is receiving antibiotic therapy?

<p>Antibiotics may suppress the growth of bacteria, which could produce a false negative result.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the procedure for collecting a wound specimen.

<p>Insert a swab into the area of wound that contains the most drainage and gently rotate the swab to absorb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a transport medium?

<p>To prevent drying of the specimen and preserve it in its original state until it reaches its destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a collection and transport system be stored?

<p>Stored at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is strep throat?

<p>A bacterial infection of the back of the throat and tonsils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range that strep throat is most likely to affect?

<p>Most frequent in children ages 5 to 15.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of strep throat?

<p>Sore throat, trouble swallowing, fever of 101 or higher, red and swollen tonsils, white patches or streaks on throat, and headache.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is strep throat transmitted?

<p>Easily spread through droplet infection or by sharing personal items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a poststreptococcal complication?

<p>A morbid secondary condition that occurs as a result of a less serious infection; the patient may develop rheumatic fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two poststreptococcal complications that may occur in a patient with strep throat.

<p>Rheumatic fever or acute glomerulonephritis; can be prevented through early detection and antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using a Rapid Antigen Detection Test (RADT) to diagnose strep throat?

<p>They are easy to use and provide results in a short period of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Influenza type A?

<p>Most prevalent and responsible for most annual influenza outbreaks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Influenza type B?

<p>Causes influenza outbreaks but is associated with a less severe infection than type A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Influenza type C?

<p>Causes a mild upper respiratory illness and occurs much less frequently than type A and B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two ways in which influenza can be transmitted.

<p>When an infected person coughs or sneezes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for influenza?

<p>2 days, with a range from 1 to 4 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is an individual contagious following infection with influenza?

<p>They are contagious for about 24 to 48 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the symptoms of influenza differ from those of a cold?

<p>Flu symptoms have a more sudden onset and symptoms are much worse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of influenza?

<p>Fever and chills, muscle aches, sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, dry cough, headache, joint pain, fatigue, and anorexia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can increase the risk of developing serious complications from influenza?

<p>If they have asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, diabetes, heart disease, kidney/liver disease, blood disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complications may occur from contracting influenza?

<p>Viral pneumonia, worsening chronic diseases, bacterial pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, and otitis media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best means for preventing an influenza infection?

<p>Flu vaccine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should receive an influenza vaccine?

<p>Recommended for all individuals ages 6 months and older.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why must a new influenza vaccine be produced each year?

<p>Small changes continually take place in the genetic material, resulting in new strains that replace older strains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three benefits of an influenza vaccination?

<p>Provides reasonable protection, reduces symptoms, and decreases the risk of complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What infection control measures can be taken to prevent the transmission of influenza?

<p>Practice good hand hygiene, social distancing, don’t touch your eyes, nose, or mouth, cover your nose and mouth when coughing, and stay home if you have the flu.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do antiviral medications work to treat influenza?

<p>They work by limiting the multiplication of the influenza virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommendation for prescribing antiviral medication against influenza?

<p>Used for unvaccinated individuals infected with the flu who are at risk of developing complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is influenza typically diagnosed?

<p>If an individual has all of the symptoms of influenza.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When might a rapid influenza test be performed?

<p>Used to detect if it is influenza A or B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a nasopharyngeal specimen usually preferred for rapid influenza tests?

<p>The flu virus invades epithelial cells in the nasopharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using a flocked swab to collect a nasopharyngeal specimen?

<p>Removes a greater amount of epithelial cells from the nasopharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the distance to insert a nasopharyngeal swab be determined?

<p>About 4 to 6 cm (1.5 to 2.5 inches).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of culturing a microbiologic specimen?

<p>To induce any pathogens present to grow and multiply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding sheep's blood to an agar culture medium?

<p>Blood provides nutrients that support the growth of a variety of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to a culture that contains two or more types of microorganisms?

<p>A mixed culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing a sensitivity test on a bacterial culture?

<p>To determine the best antibiotic to treat the condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the test results interpreted when performing a disc diffusion sensitivity test?

<p>Discs impregnated with known concentrations of antibiotics are dropped on the surface of a solid culture medium inoculated with a pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bacteria and Shapes

  • Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria.
  • Cocci are round-shaped bacteria.
  • Spirilla are spiral or curved-shaped bacteria.

Microbial Characteristics

  • Microorganisms are tiny living organisms invisible to the naked eye, observed under a microscope.
  • Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens that harm their hosts.
  • Normal flora consist of nonpathogenic microorganisms residing in the body, contributing beneficial functions.

Microbiological Techniques

  • Culture refers to growing microorganisms in a lab environment.
  • A culture medium contains nutrients necessary for microbial growth.
  • Specimens are small samples from the body, used to identify pathogens.

Infection and Transmission

  • Contagious diseases can be spread directly or indirectly between individuals.
  • The incubation period is the time between pathogen invasion and the onset of disease symptoms.
  • Droplet infection occurs through tiny respiratory droplets from an infected person.

Immune Response

  • The body employs natural defense mechanisms such as inflammation, phagocytosis, and antibodies to combat invading pathogens.
  • Early detection of infections and appropriate antibiotic use can prevent complications.

Common Infectious Diseases

  • Staphylococcus aureus can cause boils, carbuncles, and abscesses.
  • Streptococci are responsible for strep throat, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever.
  • Bacilli can lead to botulism, tetanus, and gas gangrene.

Influenza Information

  • Influenza type A is the most common, while type B causes milder outbreaks, and type C results in mild respiratory illness.
  • Symptoms of influenza include fever, chills, muscle aches, and a dry cough.
  • The best prevention method for influenza is the annual flu vaccine, recommended for anyone over 6 months.

Antiviral Treatment

  • Antiviral medications limit the replication of the influenza virus and are most effective when given early, especially to unvaccinated individuals at risk of complications.
  • Culturing microbiologic specimens helps grow pathogens for identification and sensitivity testing to determine effective antibiotics.

Specimen Collection and Handling

  • Specimens should be procured from sterile environments to minimize contamination from extraneous microorganisms.
  • A transport medium preserves specimens until they can be processed, preventing drying and degradation.

Microscope Use

  • The microscope stage is where slides are positioned, while the substage condenser controls light concentration.
  • Coarse and fine adjustments aid in focusing on specimens, with oil immersion providing high magnification for detailed observations.

Sensitivity Testing

  • A sensitivity test on bacterial cultures identifies the most effective antibiotic for treating infections.
  • Results are interpreted through disc diffusion on agar plates inoculated with the pathogen to identify antibiotic susceptibility.

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Explore key terms from Microbiology Chapter 34 with these flashcards. This quiz covers essential vocabulary including different shapes of bacteria and relevant laboratory practices. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of microbiological concepts.

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