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Questions and Answers
How long after initiation of a primary response do significant amounts of antibody appear in the blood?
How long after initiation of a primary response do significant amounts of antibody appear in the blood?
10-14 days
Class II MHC molecules are found primarily on?
Class II MHC molecules are found primarily on?
- Macrophages (correct)
- T cells
- Dendritic cells (correct)
- All of the above
Antigens may be processed for presentation by?
Antigens may be processed for presentation by?
- Macrophages
- B cells
- Dendritic cells
- All of the above (correct)
What is the definition of clonal selection?
What is the definition of clonal selection?
Which of the following contribute to antibody diversity?
Which of the following contribute to antibody diversity?
Why would a person who has their tonsils removed be more susceptible to certain types of infections of the throat and respiratory tract?
Why would a person who has their tonsils removed be more susceptible to certain types of infections of the throat and respiratory tract?
Which of the following molecules would be expected to be immunogenic?
Which of the following molecules would be expected to be immunogenic?
Which of the following is the most abundant immunological class produced?
Which of the following is the most abundant immunological class produced?
What would be an appropriate response if an antigen is presented on MHC class II molecules?
What would be an appropriate response if an antigen is presented on MHC class II molecules?
Which is the first antibody class made during the primary response to an antigen?
Which is the first antibody class made during the primary response to an antigen?
How is a T-cell receptor different from a B-cell receptor?
How is a T-cell receptor different from a B-cell receptor?
T cell receptors are identical to antibodies.
T cell receptors are identical to antibodies.
Please select the correct statement regarding MHC molecules.
Please select the correct statement regarding MHC molecules.
Which class of antibody accounts for most of the circulating antibodies?
Which class of antibody accounts for most of the circulating antibodies?
The variable region of an antibody occurs?
The variable region of an antibody occurs?
Which of the following antibodies is a pentamer?
Which of the following antibodies is a pentamer?
The immunoglobulin monomer consists of?
The immunoglobulin monomer consists of?
What is a naive lymphocyte?
What is a naive lymphocyte?
T-independent antigens include?
T-independent antigens include?
Each class of antibody is specifically defined by its?
Each class of antibody is specifically defined by its?
Which is the most efficient at initiating the classical pathway of the complement cascade?
Which is the most efficient at initiating the classical pathway of the complement cascade?
Antibody and antigen are held to one another by covalent bonds.
Antibody and antigen are held to one another by covalent bonds.
Gene rearrangement is responsible for the generation of the various antibody molecules.
Gene rearrangement is responsible for the generation of the various antibody molecules.
It would be useful if antigens were delivered directly to?
It would be useful if antigens were delivered directly to?
T cells are responsible for directly manufacturing antibodies.
T cells are responsible for directly manufacturing antibodies.
Would a denatured antigen be expected to have the same epitopes as its native (non-denatured) counterpart? Why?
Would a denatured antigen be expected to have the same epitopes as its native (non-denatured) counterpart? Why?
The characteristic function and properties of each class of antibody is determined by the?
The characteristic function and properties of each class of antibody is determined by the?
CD8 cells are?
CD8 cells are?
Only antigen-presenting cells produce MHC class II molecules.
Only antigen-presenting cells produce MHC class II molecules.
The stimulation of B cells to divide and mature is provided by?
The stimulation of B cells to divide and mature is provided by?
Which of the following does NOT form a memory population after activation and differentiation?
Which of the following does NOT form a memory population after activation and differentiation?
Giant cells are?
Giant cells are?
Perforin is produced by?
Perforin is produced by?
T cells mature in the?
T cells mature in the?
All antigens are immunogens.
All antigens are immunogens.
The scientist who received the first Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on antibody therapy was?
The scientist who received the first Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on antibody therapy was?
The immune response is directed against an entire molecule.
The immune response is directed against an entire molecule.
Which of the following do not induce a strong immune response?
Which of the following do not induce a strong immune response?
The only class of antibody that can cross the placenta is __________.
The only class of antibody that can cross the placenta is __________.
The immunoglobulin that is important in hypersensitivity reactions is __________.
The immunoglobulin that is important in hypersensitivity reactions is __________.
Which of the following is/are a(n) antigen-presenting cell(s)?
Which of the following is/are a(n) antigen-presenting cell(s)?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, AND B cells?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, AND B cells?
Which of the following class of antibody is primarily found in external secretions?
Which of the following class of antibody is primarily found in external secretions?
Ag-Ab binding may result in all of the following EXCEPT?
Ag-Ab binding may result in all of the following EXCEPT?
The peptides presented by MHC class II peptide molecules are?
The peptides presented by MHC class II peptide molecules are?
Which of the following is/are secondary lymphoid organ(s)?
Which of the following is/are secondary lymphoid organ(s)?
Antibody molecules are very rigid in structure.
Antibody molecules are very rigid in structure.
The function of the secretory component of the IgA molecule is?
The function of the secretory component of the IgA molecule is?
Macrophages and dendritic cells are?
Macrophages and dendritic cells are?
What happens when a helper T cell is activated?
What happens when a helper T cell is activated?
Please identify the incorrect definition.
Please identify the incorrect definition.
The cells that actually secrete antibodies are?
The cells that actually secrete antibodies are?
Identify the role(s) of natural killer cells.
Identify the role(s) of natural killer cells.
The chains of an antibody molecule are bonded to one another by?
The chains of an antibody molecule are bonded to one another by?
In opsonization with IgG, why would it be important that IgG reacts with the antigen BEFORE a phagocytic cell recognizes the antibody molecule?
In opsonization with IgG, why would it be important that IgG reacts with the antigen BEFORE a phagocytic cell recognizes the antibody molecule?
IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin made by the body.
IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin made by the body.
The best possible analogy available for the way in which variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) antibody gene segments are put together is?
The best possible analogy available for the way in which variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) antibody gene segments are put together is?
According to the clonal selection theory, each B cell is already programmed to produce a specific antibody.
According to the clonal selection theory, each B cell is already programmed to produce a specific antibody.
How is the central portion of a T cell receptor complex functionally analogous to the center of the B cell receptor complex?
How is the central portion of a T cell receptor complex functionally analogous to the center of the B cell receptor complex?
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death and is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells.
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death and is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells.
T cells and B cells are produced in the?
T cells and B cells are produced in the?
A term synonymous with antibody is?
A term synonymous with antibody is?
Antigens interact with antibodies at?
Antigens interact with antibodies at?
Which is the most efficient at initiating the classical pathway of the complement cascade?
Which is the most efficient at initiating the classical pathway of the complement cascade?
Antigens may be processed for presentation by?
Antigens may be processed for presentation by?
CD4 cells are also known as?
CD4 cells are also known as?
Which of the following is not typical of an antigen?
Which of the following is not typical of an antigen?
T-independent antigens can activate B cells directly.
T-independent antigens can activate B cells directly.
CD8 cells are?
CD8 cells are?
An IgG molecule has two?
An IgG molecule has two?
T cell receptors are identical to antibodies.
T cell receptors are identical to antibodies.
Cytotoxic T cells primarily are responsible for?
Cytotoxic T cells primarily are responsible for?
Secondary lymphoid organs?
Secondary lymphoid organs?
The surface receptors on B and T cells both?
The surface receptors on B and T cells both?
'Clonal selection' and 'clonal expansion'
'Clonal selection' and 'clonal expansion'
Specific regions on an antigen molecule to which the immune response is directed are?
Specific regions on an antigen molecule to which the immune response is directed are?
Antibodies are made by?
Antibodies are made by?
Epitopes or antigenic determinants?
Epitopes or antigenic determinants?
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Study Notes
Antibody Response
- Significant amounts of antibody appear in the blood 10-14 days after the initiation of a primary response.
- The first antibody class produced during a primary response to an antigen is IgM.
- The most abundant immunological class produced is IgA.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- Class II MHC molecules are primarily found on macrophages and dendritic cells.
- Helper T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC class II molecules; only antigen-presenting cells produce MHC class II molecules.
Clonal Selection and Diversity
- Clonal selection is the process where a lymphocyte's antigen receptor binds to an antigen, triggering lymphocyte multiplication.
- Antibody diversity is generated through gene rearrangement, imprecise joining, and combinatorial associations.
Antigens and Immunogens
- Antigens are processed for presentation by macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells.
- T-independent antigens include polysaccharides; they can activate B cells directly.
- Not all antigens are immunogens; only those that elicit an immune response are considered immunogenic.
Antibody Structure and Function
- Antibody molecules consist of two heavy and two light chains, with the variable region on all four chains.
- The binding of antibodies to antigens occurs at the outer end of each arm of the Y-shaped molecule.
- IgM is the most efficient class of antibody at initiating the classical pathway of the complement cascade.
Cellular Immunity
- T cell receptors differ from B cell receptors, as they require the antigen to be presented by MHC molecules.
- CD8 cells are classified as T cytotoxic cells, while CD4 cells are known as T helper cells.
- Cytotoxic T cells primarily mediate cell-mediated immunity.
Lymphocyte Activation
- Activation of T helper cells leads to the formation of memory and effector populations; effector T cells activate B cells.
- Plasma cells are the cells that secrete antibodies.
Immune Response Mechanisms
- Opsonization involves IgG reacting with antigens before phagocytic cells recognize the antibodies.
- Natural killer cells engage in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and regulate certain immune responses.
- The secretory component of IgA protects it from degradation by proteolytic enzymes.
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
- Secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, facilitate interactions between immune cells.
- Tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs that help maintain oral cavity microbial balance.
Epitopes and Antigen Recognition
- Epitopes, or antigenic determinants, are specific regions on an antigen to which antibodies bind.
- Some epitopes are linear and depend on amino acid sequence, while others are conformational and depend on the 3D structure of the antigen.
Additional Key Points
- Gene rearrangement enables the diversity of antibody molecules.
- Antibody and antigen interactions are held together by non-covalent bonds, while chains of antibodies are linked by disulfide bonds.
- The immunoglobulin molecule important in hypersensitivity reactions is IgE, while IgG is the only class that can cross the placenta.
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