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Questions and Answers
What 3 characteristics define protozoa?
What 3 characteristics define protozoa?
eukaryotic, unicellular, lack a cell wall
Protozoa are critical members of the ______ which are free-living, drifting organisms that form the basis of aquatic food chains.
Protozoa are critical members of the ______ which are free-living, drifting organisms that form the basis of aquatic food chains.
plankton
Some ________ have 2 nuclei: macronuclei and micronuclei.
Some ________ have 2 nuclei: macronuclei and micronuclei.
ciliates
Which nucleus controls metabolism?
Which nucleus controls metabolism?
Which nucleus controls genetic recombination?
Which nucleus controls genetic recombination?
Which nucleus controls sexual reproduction?
Which nucleus controls sexual reproduction?
Which nucleus controls growth?
Which nucleus controls growth?
All free-living aquatic and pathogenic protozoa exist as a motile feeding stage called a __________.
All free-living aquatic and pathogenic protozoa exist as a motile feeding stage called a __________.
Many protozoa have a hardy resting stage called a _________.
Many protozoa have a hardy resting stage called a _________.
What is a cyst characterized by?
What is a cyst characterized by?
Most protozoa are ______otrophic.
Most protozoa are ______otrophic.
Most protozoa reproduce asexually only, by ________ or ________.
Most protozoa reproduce asexually only, by ________ or ________.
Gametes fuse with one another to form a diploid _________.
Gametes fuse with one another to form a diploid _________.
Paramecium reproduce sexually via a complex process called _________.
Paramecium reproduce sexually via a complex process called _________.
Parabasalids have mitochondria.
Parabasalids have mitochondria.
________ is a parabasalid that has numerous flagella, inhabits the guts of termites, where it assists in the digestion of wood.
________ is a parabasalid that has numerous flagella, inhabits the guts of termites, where it assists in the digestion of wood.
_________ is a parabasalid that proliferates and causes severe inflammation that can lead to sterility when the normally acidic pH of the vagina is raised.
_________ is a parabasalid that proliferates and causes severe inflammation that can lead to sterility when the normally acidic pH of the vagina is raised.
What 3 groups are alveolates divided into?
What 3 groups are alveolates divided into?
________ is a ciliate that has apical cilia which create a whirlpool-like current to direct food into its mouth.
________ is a ciliate that has apical cilia which create a whirlpool-like current to direct food into its mouth.
_________ is a ciliate that is the only ciliate pathogenic to humans.
_________ is a ciliate that is the only ciliate pathogenic to humans.
________ is a ciliate that phagocytizes other protozoa.
________ is a ciliate that phagocytizes other protozoa.
Plasmodium is an apicomplexan that causes __________.
Plasmodium is an apicomplexan that causes __________.
________ is an apicomplexan that causes cryptosporidiosis.
________ is an apicomplexan that causes cryptosporidiosis.
_________ is an apicomplexan that causes toxoplasmosis.
_________ is an apicomplexan that causes toxoplasmosis.
Which group of alveolates are bioluminescent?
Which group of alveolates are bioluminescent?
Which of the 3 groups of alveolates contain red pigment that causes the phenomenon called red tide?
Which of the 3 groups of alveolates contain red pigment that causes the phenomenon called red tide?
_______ and ________ are dinoflagellates that produce neurotoxins.
_______ and ________ are dinoflagellates that produce neurotoxins.
Which dinoflagellate causes memory loss, confusion, headaches, respiratory difficulties, skin rash, muscle cramps, and nausea? Such poisoning is called what?
Which dinoflagellate causes memory loss, confusion, headaches, respiratory difficulties, skin rash, muscle cramps, and nausea? Such poisoning is called what?
What are the 3 groups that scientists classify amoebae in?
What are the 3 groups that scientists classify amoebae in?
Which two groups of amoebae have threadlike pseudopodia?
Which two groups of amoebae have threadlike pseudopodia?
A major taxon of cercozoa is ___________. They have a porous shell composed of calcium carbonate.
A major taxon of cercozoa is ___________. They have a porous shell composed of calcium carbonate.
Which group of amoebae have ornate shells composed of silica and reinforce their pseudopodia with stiff internal bundles of microtubules?
Which group of amoebae have ornate shells composed of silica and reinforce their pseudopodia with stiff internal bundles of microtubules?
Which group of amoebae are distinguished from the other 2 by having lobe-shaped pseudopodia and no shells?
Which group of amoebae are distinguished from the other 2 by having lobe-shaped pseudopodia and no shells?
_________ and _________ can cause diseases of the eyes or brains of humans and animals that swim in water containing them.
_________ and _________ can cause diseases of the eyes or brains of humans and animals that swim in water containing them.
Naegleria and Acanthamoeba are types of amoebae that belong to which group?
Naegleria and Acanthamoeba are types of amoebae that belong to which group?
________ are in the group amoebozoa and always live inside animals where they produce potentially fatal amebic dysentery.
________ are in the group amoebozoa and always live inside animals where they produce potentially fatal amebic dysentery.
What are the two types of slime molds?
What are the two types of slime molds?
What are 2 main ways that slime molds differ from fungi?
What are 2 main ways that slime molds differ from fungi?
Which type of slime mold exists as streaming, coenocytic, colorful filaments of cytoplasm that creep as amoebae through forest litter, feeding by phagocytizing organic debris and bacteria?
Which type of slime mold exists as streaming, coenocytic, colorful filaments of cytoplasm that creep as amoebae through forest litter, feeding by phagocytizing organic debris and bacteria?
Which type of slime mold exists as individual haploid myxamoebae that phagocytize bacteria, yeasts, dung, and decaying vegetation?
Which type of slime mold exists as individual haploid myxamoebae that phagocytize bacteria, yeasts, dung, and decaying vegetation?
Which type of slime mold produces spores as a result of meiosis?
Which type of slime mold produces spores as a result of meiosis?
Which type of slime mold produces spores but they are not enclosed in a common wall and they are not the result of meiosis?
Which type of slime mold produces spores but they are not enclosed in a common wall and they are not the result of meiosis?
The Euglenozoa include __________ and ___________.
The Euglenozoa include __________ and ___________.
Euglenozoa have mitochondria.
Euglenozoa have mitochondria.
Euglenids are ________trophic.
Euglenids are ________trophic.
Euglenids store food as a unique polysaccharide called _________ instead of starch.
Euglenids store food as a unique polysaccharide called _________ instead of starch.
Euglenids move by using their flagella as well as by flowing, contracting, and expanding their cytoplasm. This is called ______________.
Euglenids move by using their flagella as well as by flowing, contracting, and expanding their cytoplasm. This is called ______________.
Each euglenid has a __________ that plays a role in positive phototaxis by casting a shadow on a photoreceptor at the flagellar base, triggering movement in that direction.
Each euglenid has a __________ that plays a role in positive phototaxis by casting a shadow on a photoreceptor at the flagellar base, triggering movement in that direction.
Euglenids reproduce how?
Euglenids reproduce how?
Euglenids form ______ when exposed to harsh conditions.
Euglenids form ______ when exposed to harsh conditions.
Kinetoplastids have a single large mitochondrion that contains a unique region of mitochondrial DNA called a __________.
Kinetoplastids have a single large mitochondrion that contains a unique region of mitochondrial DNA called a __________.
Diplomonadida have mitochondria.
Diplomonadida have mitochondria.
Diplomonadida have __________ in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial genes in the nuclear chromosomes.
Diplomonadida have __________ in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial genes in the nuclear chromosomes.
What are the seven groups of protozoa?
What are the seven groups of protozoa?
Fungi include _______, ________, and ____________.
Fungi include _______, ________, and ____________.
How do fungi differ from protozoa?
How do fungi differ from protozoa?
What are the cell walls of fungi made up of?
What are the cell walls of fungi made up of?
How do fungi differ from plants?
How do fungi differ from plants?
Fungi are ______trophic.
Fungi are ______trophic.
Mycology is the study of ________.
Mycology is the study of ________.
The vegetative (nonreproductive) body of a fungus is called its ________.
The vegetative (nonreproductive) body of a fungus is called its ________.
Thalli of __________ are large.
Thalli of __________ are large.
Thalli of ________ are small.
Thalli of ________ are small.
Thalli of ________ are composed of filaments called hyphae.
Thalli of ________ are composed of filaments called hyphae.
Hyphae are either ________ or ________.
Hyphae are either ________ or ________.
________ hyphae are multinucleate.
________ hyphae are multinucleate.
Fungi that produce 2 types of thalli are said to be ________.
Fungi that produce 2 types of thalli are said to be ________.
What are 2 examples of dimorphic fungi?
What are 2 examples of dimorphic fungi?
Hyphae intertwined to form a tangled mass is called what?
Hyphae intertwined to form a tangled mass is called what?
The genus _________ contains the largest known organisms on Earth.
The genus _________ contains the largest known organisms on Earth.
Most fungi are _______ —they absorb nutrients from the remnants of dead organisms.
Most fungi are _______ —they absorb nutrients from the remnants of dead organisms.
Fungi that derive their nutrients from living plants and animals usually have modified hyphae called __________ which penetrate the tissue of the host to withdraw nutrients.
Fungi that derive their nutrients from living plants and animals usually have modified hyphae called __________ which penetrate the tissue of the host to withdraw nutrients.
In sexual spore formation of fungi, haploid (n) cells from a + thallus and a - thallus fuse to form ________.
In sexual spore formation of fungi, haploid (n) cells from a + thallus and a - thallus fuse to form ________.
What are the four major subgroups of fungi?
What are the four major subgroups of fungi?
How do organisms in zygomycota reproduce?
How do organisms in zygomycota reproduce?
________ is a division of Zygomycota and the organisms within it are obligatory intracellular parasites that spread from host to host as small, resistant spores.
________ is a division of Zygomycota and the organisms within it are obligatory intracellular parasites that spread from host to host as small, resistant spores.
Ascomycota is characterized by the formation of haploid __________ within sacs called _______.
Ascomycota is characterized by the formation of haploid __________ within sacs called _______.
How do ascomycota organisms reproduce?
How do ascomycota organisms reproduce?
Most of the fungi that spoil food are __________.
Most of the fungi that spoil food are __________.
Mushrooms and other fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes are called _______.
Mushrooms and other fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes are called _______.
Cryptococcus neoformans comes from the division ________ of fungi and is the leading cause of ____________.
Cryptococcus neoformans comes from the division ________ of fungi and is the leading cause of ____________.
Which division of fungi has sexual stages that are unknown?
Which division of fungi has sexual stages that are unknown?
Partnerships between fungi and photosynthetic microbes—commonly, cyanobacteria, or less frequently, green algae
Partnerships between fungi and photosynthetic microbes—commonly, cyanobacteria, or less frequently, green algae
What are the 3 basic shapes of lichens?
What are the 3 basic shapes of lichens?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Protozoa
- Protozoa are defined as eukaryotic, unicellular organisms that lack a cell wall.
- They play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems as plankton, serving as a foundation for food chains.
Nuclei in Ciliates
- Ciliates possess two types of nuclei: macronuclei, which manage metabolism and growth, and micronuclei, which control genetic recombination and sexual reproduction.
Stages of Protozoan Life Cycle
- Free-living protozoa exist as trophozoites, a motile feeding stage.
- Many protozoa can form cysts, a hardy resting stage characterized by a thick capsule and low metabolic activity.
Reproduction in Protozoa
- Most protozoa reproduce asexually through binary fission or schizogony.
- Sexual reproduction involves gamete fusion, forming a diploid zygote, with some protozoa, like Paramecium, employing conjugation.
Parabasalids
- Parabasalids, like Trichonympha and Trichomonas, lack mitochondria.
- Trichonympha aids digestion in termites, while Trichomonas can cause severe inflammation and infertility.
Alveolates Groups
- Alveolates are categorized into ciliates, apicomplexans, and dinoflagellates.
- Specific ciliates include Vorticella, Balantidium (only ciliate pathogenic to humans), and Didinium, which preys on other protozoa.
Apicomplexans
- Plasmodium causes malaria, Cryptosporidium induces cryptosporidiosis, and Toxoplasma is responsible for toxoplasmosis.
Dinoflagellates
- This group is characterized by bioluminescence and can cause red tides due to red pigment.
- Gymnodium and Gonyaulax produce neurotoxins, while Pfiesteria can lead to various neurological symptoms.
Amoebae Classification
- Amoebae are classified into Cercozoa, Radiolaria, and Amoebozoa, with Cercozoa and Radiolaria featuring threadlike pseudopodia.
Slime Molds
- Two main types of slime molds are plasmodial (acellular) and cellular, differing in structure and reproductive mechanisms.
- Plasmodial slime molds are streaming coenocytic organisms, while cellular slime molds consist of individual myxamoebae.
Euglenozoa and Their Characteristics
- Euglenozoa include Euglenids, which are photoautotrophic and store food as paramylon, and Kinetoplastids, featuring a unique mitochondrial structure known as a kinetoplast.
Fungal Characteristics
- Fungi differ from protozoa by having chitin as their cell wall component and being chemoheterotrophic.
- The vegetative body (thallus) of fungi can vary in size and structure, with molds being composed of filaments called hyphae.
Fungal Reproduction
- Fungi reproduce via sexual (dikaryon formation) and asexual means (e.g., sporangiospores).
- Major fungal subgroups include Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycetes.
Unique Fungi
- Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites within Zygomycota.
- Ascomycota produce ascospores in sacs called asci and reproduce primarily through conidiospores.
Lichens
- Lichens represent a symbiosis between fungi and photosynthetic microbes like cyanobacteria or green algae, existing in three basic shapes: fruticose, crustose, and foliose.
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