Microbiology Chapter 10: Host-Microbe Interactions

<p>Bacillus anthracis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In micrograms per kilogram of body weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They compete with potential pathogens for resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A disruption in normal microbiota balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to the host’s immune response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The preference of pathogens for specific host tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rapid proliferation of opportunistic pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By promoting immune system maturation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbes that cause disease in a host. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of opportunistic infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote blood clotting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow pathogens to spread by breaking down clots (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To snatch iron from transferrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can either damage or kill host cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transforming host cells into cancer cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By breaking down nutrients in the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disrupting normal host cell function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of a microbe to cause disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree or extent of disease that a pathogen causes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanisms that help microbes overcome host defenses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In response to the host and selective pressures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By directly damaging host cells or provoking harmful immune responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If those factors do not offer a clear survival benefit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They aid in the adhesion of pathogens to host cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Host properties can influence the efficacy of virulence factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PPE must be worn at all times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Airtight, pressurized full-body suits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To limit infection risks for workers and patients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specialized facility design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hand hygiene before and after patient contact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly restricted/lockdown access (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All waste must be decontaminated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Workers must change and shower (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To lyse white blood cells and damage host tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clostridium botulinum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To induce watery diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adhere to host tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To damage host cell membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exit the host (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suppresses the host immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It affects the nervous system, causing paralysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dynamic relationship between a host organism and microbes that can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

The usual bacteria found on the skin, digestive, genital, urinary, and respiratory systems.

A relationship where both the host and microbe benefit.

Disease-causing microbes with adaptations to interact with host tissues.

Disruption of the normal microbiota balance.

A bacterium that can cause disease in the gut, typically when normal gut bacteria are disturbed.

A microbe that lives in association with a host, but usually with little effect on either host.

The tendency of a pathogen to infect specific tissues or organs.

The ability of a microbe to cause disease.

The degree or extent of disease a pathogen causes.

Pathogen mechanisms to overcome host defenses, e.g., adhesion, invasion, toxins.

Virulence mechanisms that allow pathogens to attach to the host cells.

The ability of a pathogen to enter host tissues.

Harmful substances produced by pathogens that damage host cells.

Pathogen features that allow them to avoid being recognized or destroyed by the immune system.

Host properties (immune response, microbiota) play a part in how virulent a pathogen is.

The number of pathogen cells or virions needed to infect 50% of exposed hosts.

More infectious pathogens require a smaller number to cause infection in 50% of exposed hosts

The amount of toxin needed to kill 50% of affected, untreated hosts.

10–50 bacterial spores needed to establish cutaneous anthrax in 50% of exposed hosts (B. anthracis).

8.4 micrograms per kilogram (μg/kg) of body weight for respiratory anthrax in 50% of exposed hosts (B. anthracis).

An enzyme produced by some bacteria that promotes blood clotting, forming a protective barrier around the pathogen.

An enzyme that breaks down blood clots, allowing bacteria to spread more easily.

A molecule produced by bacteria to snatch iron from transferrin, a protein that binds iron in the blood.

Toxins that destroy white blood cells and other host cells, disrupting the immune response and causing tissue damage.

A type of cytolysin produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae, contributing to pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis.

Enzymes produced and released by bacteria to break down nutrients in the environment, allowing them to obtain food.

Enzymes produced by various bacteria, including Clostridium perfringens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. They break down phospholipids in cell membranes, causing cell damage and contributing to infections.

Damage caused by pathogens to host cells, either by killing them (cytocidal) or by impairing their function (noncytocidal).

A cytopathic effect that kills the host cell.

A cytotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, responsible for diphtheria. It blocks protein synthesis in host cells.

A cytotoxin produced by Bordetella pertussis, causing whooping cough. It weakens the immune system by suppressing its response.

A cytopathic effect that damages or impairs the function of a host cell without killing it.

Bacteria can cause cytopathic effects by invading host cells, releasing toxins, or exploiting host nutrients.

An enterotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae, responsible for cholera. It causes severe watery diarrhea.

A neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, causing botulism. It leads to flaccid paralysis, where muscles become weak and unable to contract.

A neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani, responsible for tetanus. It causes spasmodic paralysis, leading to muscle spasms and stiffness, including the characteristic 'lockjaw'.

A laboratory safety level requiring stringent safety measures, such as specialized biological safety cabinets, controlled access, and specific personal protective equipment (PPE).

The highest level of biosafety, involving highly hazardous and potentially lethal agents, requiring maximum containment and specialized air management systems.

Personal protective equipment required in BSL-3 labs includes lab coats, gloves, respirators, and eye protection, worn at all times.

A group of healthcare professionals dedicated to minimizing infection risks for both patients and staff.

General infection control practices applied to all patients, regardless of their infection status, including hand hygiene and proper use of PPE.

Additional infection control measures implemented based on the specific route of transmission of a known infection.

Protective gear used in BSL-4 labs, where air is piped into the suit, ensuring the wearer is completely isolated from the environment.

Lab facilities for BSL-4 require specialized design and engineering, including controlled access, air filtration, and waste management systems.