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Questions and Answers
What are probiotics?
What are probiotics?
Alterations in the structure of which of the following are an important aspect of Gram-negative bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs?
Alterations in the structure of which of the following are an important aspect of Gram-negative bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs?
Which scientist coined the term antibiotic?
Which scientist coined the term antibiotic?
Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by?
Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by?
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Which of the following drugs inhibits nucleic acid synthesis specifically in prokaryotes?
Which of the following drugs inhibits nucleic acid synthesis specifically in prokaryotes?
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Which of the following is NOT a criterion by which all antimicrobial agents can be evaluated?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion by which all antimicrobial agents can be evaluated?
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Which of the following works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?
Which of the following works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?
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Which of the following statements concerning the development of antibiotic resistance is FALSE?
Which of the following statements concerning the development of antibiotic resistance is FALSE?
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Which of the following groups of drugs can become incorporated into the bones and teeth of a fetus?
Which of the following groups of drugs can become incorporated into the bones and teeth of a fetus?
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Beta-lactamase production is an example of which of the following types of resistance?
Beta-lactamase production is an example of which of the following types of resistance?
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Which of the following is a measurement associated with the broth dilution test?
Which of the following is a measurement associated with the broth dilution test?
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Most broad-spectrum antibiotics act by?
Most broad-spectrum antibiotics act by?
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A large percentage of antibiotics and semisynthetic drugs are produced by members of the genus?
A large percentage of antibiotics and semisynthetic drugs are produced by members of the genus?
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The Etest determines which of the following?
The Etest determines which of the following?
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Which of the following statements is true of selective toxicity?
Which of the following statements is true of selective toxicity?
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Which of the following is NOT a target of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis?
Which of the following is NOT a target of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis?
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Antimicrobial sugar analogs are effective for?
Antimicrobial sugar analogs are effective for?
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Antimicrobials that block protein synthesis by binding to the mRNA are?
Antimicrobials that block protein synthesis by binding to the mRNA are?
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Who discovered the first widely available antibiotic?
Who discovered the first widely available antibiotic?
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Sulfonamides are?
Sulfonamides are?
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An antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis will result in which of the following?
An antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis will result in which of the following?
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Which of the following statements about the zone of inhibition is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about the zone of inhibition is FALSE?
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Which of the following antibiotics disrupts cytoplasmic membrane function?
Which of the following antibiotics disrupts cytoplasmic membrane function?
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Which of the following interferes with cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation?
Which of the following interferes with cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation?
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Which of the following pathways is specifically inhibited by sulfonamides?
Which of the following pathways is specifically inhibited by sulfonamides?
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Infection of the ________ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs.
Infection of the ________ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs.
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It is inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat colds or flu because?
It is inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat colds or flu because?
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Which of the following is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs?
Which of the following is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs?
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The most limited group of antimicrobial agents is the ________ drugs.
The most limited group of antimicrobial agents is the ________ drugs.
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The cooperative activity of drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid is known as?
The cooperative activity of drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid is known as?
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Disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which of the following microbes?
Disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which of the following microbes?
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Which of the following drugs specifically targets cell walls that contain arabinogalactan-mycolic acid?
Which of the following drugs specifically targets cell walls that contain arabinogalactan-mycolic acid?
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Which of the following can result when antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota?
Which of the following can result when antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota?
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Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on which of the following types of cells?
Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on which of the following types of cells?
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The mechanism of action of the antibiotic vancomycin is?
The mechanism of action of the antibiotic vancomycin is?
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Methicillin is an example of the beta-lactam class of drugs that?
Methicillin is an example of the beta-lactam class of drugs that?
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Another term for the Kirby Bauer test is?
Another term for the Kirby Bauer test is?
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The tetracyclines interfere with?
The tetracyclines interfere with?
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Ribavirin is an antiviral that interferes with?
Ribavirin is an antiviral that interferes with?
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Trimethoprim is an example of antimicrobials that?
Trimethoprim is an example of antimicrobials that?
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Which of the following antifungals works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?
Which of the following antifungals works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?
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The antimicrobials called quinolones act by?
The antimicrobials called quinolones act by?
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The antimicrobial polymyxin?
The antimicrobial polymyxin?
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The mechanism of action of erythromycin is?
The mechanism of action of erythromycin is?
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Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug that?
Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug that?
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The mechanism of action of sulfonamides is?
The mechanism of action of sulfonamides is?
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Because all cells engage in protein synthesis, there are few antimicrobial drugs that selectively inhibit this process.
Because all cells engage in protein synthesis, there are few antimicrobial drugs that selectively inhibit this process.
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Beta-lactam drugs act by inhibiting the formation of the cytoplasmic membrane.
Beta-lactam drugs act by inhibiting the formation of the cytoplasmic membrane.
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Brain and spinal cord infections are difficult to treat because most antimicrobial drugs cannot diffuse out of the blood into these organs.
Brain and spinal cord infections are difficult to treat because most antimicrobial drugs cannot diffuse out of the blood into these organs.
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Antisense nucleic acids are designed to have no side effects against humans.
Antisense nucleic acids are designed to have no side effects against humans.
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Some bacterial cells are resistant to a variety of antimicrobials because they actively pump the drugs out of the cell.
Some bacterial cells are resistant to a variety of antimicrobials because they actively pump the drugs out of the cell.
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Paul Ehrlich coined the term antibiotics for the 'magic bullet' antimicrobials he pursued.
Paul Ehrlich coined the term antibiotics for the 'magic bullet' antimicrobials he pursued.
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If a subculture of an MIC test grows in an MBC test, the concentration of the drug was bactericidal.
If a subculture of an MIC test grows in an MBC test, the concentration of the drug was bactericidal.
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The outer membrane of Gram (-) bacteria enables many antimicrobial drugs to enter the cell more easily.
The outer membrane of Gram (-) bacteria enables many antimicrobial drugs to enter the cell more easily.
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Organs that are commonly affected by drug toxicity include the kidneys & the liver.
Organs that are commonly affected by drug toxicity include the kidneys & the liver.
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Many antimicrobial drugs that affect the cytoplasmic membrane are used only externally because they can be toxic to humans.
Many antimicrobial drugs that affect the cytoplasmic membrane are used only externally because they can be toxic to humans.
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Study Notes
Probiotics and Microbial Antagonism
- Defined as alternatives to chemotherapy, involving microbial antagonism.
- Contribute to resistance against pathogenic bacteria.
Gram-Negative Bacterial Resistance
- Alterations in porins play a crucial role in antimicrobial drug resistance.
Discovery of Antibiotics
- The term "antibiotic" was coined by Waksman, a significant figure in microbiology.
Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibition
- Most cell wall synthesis inhibitors work by preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits.
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
- Quinolones are specific drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis in prokaryotes.
Evaluating Antimicrobial Agents
- Activity against cell walls is NOT a universal criterion for evaluating antimicrobial agents.
Ergosterol Synthesis Inhibition
- Both fluconazole and terbinafine inhibit ergosterol synthesis, crucial for fungal cell membranes.
Antibiotic Resistance Development
- Resistant bacterial cells often exist as a minority and do not grow more efficiently than susceptible strains.
Tetracyclines and Fetal Effects
- Tetracyclines can be incorporated into the bones and teeth of a fetus.
Drug Inactivation Resistance
- Beta-lactamase production exemplifies drug inactivation resistance mechanisms.
Broth Dilution Test Measurements
- Lack of turbidity indicates efficacy in the broth dilution test.
Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics
- Primarily inhibit protein synthesis, affecting a wide range of microbes.
Antibiotic Production
- A significant percentage of antibiotics and semisynthetic drugs originate from the genus Streptomyces.
Etest Purpose
- Determines both susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
Selective Toxicity Principles
- Selective toxicity exploits structural and metabolic differences between host and pathogen.
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
- Interference with alanine-alanine bridges is NOT a target for protein synthesis inhibitors.
Antimicrobial Sugar Analogs
- Effective in preventing virus attachment to host cells.
Antisense Nucleic Acids
- These bind to mRNA and inhibit protein synthesis.
First Widely Available Antibiotic
- Domagk is credited with the discovery of the first widely available antibiotic.
Sulfonamides Overview
- They were the first widely used antimetabolic antimicrobial agents, indirectly inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis.
Effects of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibition
- Leads to increased susceptibility of cells to osmotic pressure.
Zone of Inhibition Misconceptions
- A larger zone does not indicate greater resistance; it signifies more susceptibility.
Cytoplasmic Membrane Disruptors
- Amphotericin B is an antibiotic that disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane function.
Drugs Blocking Alanine Bridge Formation
- Cycloserine and vancomycin inhibit cell wall synthesis specifically through this mechanism.
Sulfonamides Action Pathway
- They specifically inhibit the conversion from PABA to dihydrofolic acid.
Challenging Infections to Treat
- Brain infections are particularly difficult due to poor drug diffusion from blood to tissue.
Inappropriate Antibacterial Use
- Antibacterial agents are ineffective against colds or flu as these illnesses are viral in origin.
Advantages of Semisynthetic Drugs
- They offer a broader spectrum of action compared to their natural counterparts.
Limited Antimicrobial Agent Groups
- Antiviral drugs represent the most limited category within antimicrobial agents.
Synergism in Drug Interaction
- Cooperative activity between beta-lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid exemplifies synergism.
Disruption of Normal Microbiota
- Can lead to infections from opportunistic microbes like Candida albicans and Clostridium difficile.
Specific Targets of Isoniazid
- Specifically targets cell walls containing arabinogalactan-mycolic acid.
Consequences of Antibiotic Disruption
- Includes conditions like pseudomembranous colitis and thrush due to loss of normal microbiota.
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Target
- Primarily affect bacterial cells by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
Vancomycin's Mechanism of Action
- Functions by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, crucial for bacterial integrity.
Methicillin's Function
- A beta-lactam drug that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Alternate Name for Kirby-Bauer Test
- Known as the diffusion susceptibility test, assessing antibiotic effectiveness.
Tetracycline Functionality
- Interfere with protein synthesis, crucial for bacterial growth.
Ribavirin's Impact
- Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis, utilized as an antiviral medication.
Trimethoprim's Activity
- Acts by inhibiting metabolic pathways critical in bacterial nucleic acid synthesis.
Quinolones Mechanism
- Specifically inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, making them effective antimicrobials.
Antibiotic Polymyxin
- Known to disrupt cytoplasmic membrane integrity, leading to cell death.
Erythromycin's Action
- Inhibits protein synthesis, targeting ribosomal functions in bacteria.
Amphotericin B Characteristics
- An antifungal that disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane, utilized against fungal infections.
Sulfonamides Mechanism Overview
- Primarily inhibit metabolic pathways linked to bacterial growth.
Antimicrobial Drug Selectivity
- There are few drugs that selectively inhibit protein synthesis due to its essential role in all cells.
Misconceptions about Beta-Lactam Drugs
- They do not act by disrupting cytoplasmic membranes but target cell wall synthesis.
Brain Infections Treatment Difficulty
- Antimicrobial drugs face challenges reaching the brain due to blood-brain barrier limitations.
Antisense Nucleic Acids Safety
- Designed to minimize side effects to human cells while targeting viral mRNA.
Bacterial Resistance Mechanisms
- Some bacteria actively efflux drugs through pumps, contributing to multi-drug resistance.
Misattribution of Antibiotic Terminology
- Paul Ehrlich did not coin the term antibiotics; it was popularized later.
Interpretation of MIC and MBC Tests
- If a subculture of an MIC test grows in an MBC test, it indicates the drug was bacteriostatic, not bactericidal.
Gram-negative Outer Membrane
- The outer membrane acts as a barrier to many antimicrobial agents, hindering their entry.
Organ Toxicity and Drug Side Effects
- Organs like kidneys and liver are often affected by the toxicities of various antimicrobial drugs.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in microbiology with these flashcards from Chapter 10. Each card features important terms and definitions that are crucial for mastering the subject. Perfect for review or quick reference before exams.
