Microbiology Basics Quiz

Study Notes

Microbiology studies microorganisms, tiny living organisms visible only under a microscope.
Key categories include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.

Bacteria:
- Single-celled, prokaryotic organisms without a nucleus.
- Exhibit simple cell structures and inhabit diverse environments.
Archaea:
- Resemble bacteria but possess unique biochemical and genetic characteristics.
- Often thrive in extreme environments like hot springs and deep-sea vents.
Eukarya:
- Composed of organisms with cells that contain a true nucleus.
- Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Bacteria:
- Prokaryotic, single-celled with various shapes and metabolic pathways.
Archaea:
- Similar to bacteria but adapted to extreme conditions with distinct genetic traits.
Fungi:
- Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds).
Protozoa:
- Unicellular, eukaryotic, often motile, typically found in water or soil.
Algae:
- Photosynthetic eukaryotes, predominantly aquatic, ranging from unicellular to multicellular.
Helminths:
- Multicellular parasitic worms.
Viruses:
- Non-living infectious agents composed of genetic material encased in a protein coat; require a host for replication.

The eight levels, from broadest to most specific are:
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Genus and species are utilized in binomial nomenclature for naming organisms (e.g., Homo sapiens).

Essential for processes such as decomposition, nutrient cycling, and fermentation.
Integral to biotechnology in the production of antibiotics, vitamins, and vaccines.
Contribute to human health through the microbiome, supporting bodily functions.

A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease.
Primary Pathogens:
- Capable of causing disease in healthy individuals (e.g., Streptococcus, which causes strep throat).
Opportunistic Pathogens:
- Cause disease primarily in individuals with weakened immune systems (e.g., Candida, which can infect immunocompromised patients).