Microbiology: Antivirals and Antiseptics

Study Notes

Antiviral Agents

Antiviral agents are used to prevent infection of living tissue by microorganisms.

Antiseptics

Antiseptics are used to prevent microbial growth.

Cold Filtration

Cold filtration is a method used for sterilization of liquids that cannot be heated.

Alcohols as Germicides

Ethanol and isopropanol are the two most important alcohol germicides.

UV Light and Bacteria

UV light damages bacterial cells by affecting their DNA.

ATP Synthesis in Fermentation

ATP synthesis during fermentation occurs by substrate-level phosphorylation.

Chlorine in Municipal Water

Chlorine is used in municipal water to control bacterial populations.

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Quaternary ammonium compounds are cationic detergents that interact with cell membranes.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are compounds produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms.

Pyrimidine

A pyrimidine is a nitrogenous base with a single ring.

Penicillin and Gram Bacteria

Penicillin's effect is more apparent in Gram-positive bacteria.

Gas Gangrene Bacterium

Clostridium perfringens is associated with gas gangrene.

Mixed Acid Fermentation

Escherichia coli undergoes mixed acid fermentation.

Most Probable Number Method

The most probable number method is used when organisms cannot grow on agar.

Thermal Death Point

The thermal death point is the lowest temperature at which a microbial population is killed in a specific amount of time.

Psycrophile

A psychrophile is a cold-loving microbe.

Sterilization Methods

Direct flame is the most rapid method to achieve sterilization.

Barophilic Organisms

Barophilic organisms grow more rapidly at increased pressure.

Bacterial Reproduction

Bacteria reproduce by binary fission.

Aerobic Respiration and Final Hydrogen Acceptor

The final hydrogen acceptor in aerobic respiration is oxygen.

Halophilic Bacteria

Halophilic bacteria are salt-loving bacteria.

Hot Air Oven Sterilization

A two-hour period at 160 degrees is required for sterilization in a hot-air oven.

IMP and Nucleotide Precursors

IMP is a precursor of AMP and GMP.

Lipase Enzyme Action

Lipase turns triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

Anaerobic Bacteria in Sewage

Methanococcus jannaschi is an anaerobic bacterium commonly found in sewage plants.

Antifungal Agents

Antifungal agents include clotrimazole, miconazole, amphotericin B, nystatin, griseofulvin, and flucytosine.

Semisynthetic Penicillins

Ampicillin and carbenicillin are semisynthetic penicillins.

Joseph Lister's Disinfectant

Phenol was used as a disinfectant by Joseph Lister in the 1860s.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

In the citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide, producing 2 ATP and NADH.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that results in no microbial growth.

Glycolysis ATP Gain

The net gain of ATP in glycolysis is 2 ATP.

Fermentable Compounds

Highly reduced molecules, hydrocarbons, and monosaccharides are compounds that can be fermented.

Nucleotide Synthesis Inhibitor

Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) inhibits nucleotide synthesis.

Central Fermentation Intermediate

Pyruvic acid is a central intermediate leading to various fermentation end products.

Sulfanilamide and Growth Factor

Sulfanilamide resembles the growth factor PABA.

Pasteurization vs. Sterilization

Pasteurization is not sterilization.

Aerobic Respiration Stages

Aerobic respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system.

Reactive Halogen Element

Fluorine is a reactive halogen element.

Microaerophilic Organisms

Microaerophilic organisms require oxygen, but at lower levels than atmospheric concentrations.

Batch Culture

A batch culture is a closed system with a single batch of medium.

Ionizing vs. Nonionizing Radiation

UV radiation is not an ionizing radiation.

Bacteria Removal Methods

Filtration is a method for removing bacteria through a porous substance.

Copper sulfate is used to kill algae.

Metabolic Pathway Inhibitor

A growth factor analog blocks a metabolic pathway.

Amylase Producing Organisms

Bacillus subtilis produces amylase

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to harm invading organisms without harming the host.

Beta-galactosidase Containing Organism

Escherichia coli contains beta-galactosidase.

Butanediol Fermentation Organism

Enterobacter erogenous undergoes butanediol fermentation.

Macrolides

Macrolide antibiotics are not listed in the provided text.

Phosphoroclastic Bacteria

Phosphoroclastic bacteria are not defined in the provided text.

Description

Test your knowledge on various antimicrobial agents, including antiviral agents, antiseptics, and alcohol germicides. Explore methods of sterilization like cold filtration and the role of chlorine in municipal water. This quiz also covers the basics of ATP synthesis in fermentation and the classification of antibiotics.