41 Questions
What happens when microorganisms are introduced directly into the bloodstream or internal organs?
The microorganisms multiply and cause the host to react, leading to infection.
What is the characteristic of the chromosome in prokaryotic cells?
Single, circular chromosome with nucleoli
What is a characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotic pathogens from others?
Presence of a well-defined nucleus
What is the function of the cell wall in bacteria?
To maintain a fixed cell shape
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Presence or absence of a nucleus
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacteria?
Presence of a well-defined nucleus
What is a characteristic of mycoplasma?
Lack of a cell wall
What is the common characteristic of prokaryotic pathogens?
They are mainly divided into bacteria and archaea
Which of the following is an example of an atypical bacterium?
Chlamydia
What is the name of the basic shape that bacteria can assume?
Coccus, bacillus, or vibrio
What is the characteristic of helminths?
Multicellular, eukaryotic, and parasitic
What is the characteristic of the ribosome in prokaryotic cells?
70S
What is the size range of prokaryotic cells?
0.2-2 mm in diameter
What is the composition of viruses?
Genetic material surrounded by a protein coat
What is the characteristic of prions?
Altered protein conformation and point mutations
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa?
Photosynthetic
What is the primary mechanism by which normal flora prevent the colonization of the body by pathogens?
Production of antimicrobial substances
What is the function of the capsule in bacterial cells?
To mediate adherence to surfaces
What is the composition of the cell cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria?
Phospholipid bilayer
What is the function of Vit.K and Vitamin B produced by normal flora?
To aid in digestion and nutrient absorption
What is the effect of C.di on the gut?
Irritation
What is the significance of bacterial colonization in new-born infants?
Stimulates immune response
What is the characteristic feature of all bacteria?
Prokaryotic cell structure
What is the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Thickness of the peptidoglycan layer
What is the primary function of the self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilm formation?
To protect the bacteria from the host's immune response and antimicrobial drugs
Which of the following is an example of host-mediated pathogenesis?
Inflammation caused by the host's immune response
What is the primary purpose of antigenic variation in bacteria?
To evade the host's immune system
Which structure is used by Escherichia coli to adhere to host cells?
Pili
What is the primary function of bacterial enzymes such as collagenase and hyaluronidase?
To degrade the host's extracellular matrix
What is the term for the ability of bacteria to enter or penetrate host cells or mucosa?
Invasiveness
What is the name of the membrane protein that interacts with host cells to facilitate bacterial uptake?
Invasion
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by bacteria to evade the host's immune system?
Production of toxins that harm the host
What is the primary characteristic of exotoxins produced by bacteria?
They are secreted out of the pathogenic cell and are highly toxic
Which type of toxin is a lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria?
Endotoxin
What is the primary difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in bacteria?
The type of electron acceptor used
What is the purpose of Gram staining in the identification of bacteria?
To distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Which of the following is a characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria?
A thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
What is the primary advantage of aerobic respiration over fermentation in bacteria?
It produces more ATP
Which of the following is a characteristic of endotoxins?
They are moderately toxic and heat stable
What is the primary difference between obligate and facultative anaerobes?
Their ability to use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor
What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in bacterial energy production?
To produce ATP
Learn about the colonization of microorganisms, the host's response, and the different outcomes of infection. Understand the concepts of elimination, infection, carrier state, and infectious disease.
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