Microbiology and Infections Manipal University

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What is the primary mechanism by which viruses cause inflammation?

By activating macrophages

By releasing exotoxins

By initiating an immune response

By causing death of individual cells through intracellular multiplication (correct)

What is the term for the recognition of pathogens by innate immune cells?

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Pattern recognition (correct)

Cell-associated molecular recognition

Pattern reversal

What is the term for the combination of cytokines and chemokines that trigger the initiation of inflammation?

Inflammation initiation

Immune response

Chemokine activation

Cytokine cascade (correct)

What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells?

Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the release of self-molecules by damaged cells, which serves as a danger signal?

Self-molecule release Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the danger theory of inflammation?

Polly Matzinger Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of erythema and stasis of blood flow during the inflammatory response?

Vasodilation of small vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of acid hydrolases in lysosomes?

To break down bacteria, viruses, and proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of increased hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels?

Fluid leak from blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which lysosomal enzymes indirectly kill phagocytosed microbes?

Respiratory Burst Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in the inflammatory response?

To deliver leukocytes to sites of injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)?

To trap microbes and prevent their spread Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of neutrophil emigration do they attach firmly to the endothelium?

Adhesion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus for neutrophil emigration during the first 6-24 hours?

Chemokines Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of the combination of super oxygen radicals and nitric oxide?

Peroxynitrite Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Nitric Oxide Synthase in the defense against microbes?

To make nitric oxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of leucocytes moving from the centre of the vessel towards the periphery?

Margination Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the decrease in intravascular osmotic pressure during the inflammatory response?

Edema Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is involved in the tight binding of neutrophils to endothelial cells?

ICAM Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of neutrophils through the gaps between endothelial cells?

Transmigration Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of neutrophils moving towards the site of injury after exiting the circulation?

Chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the loose binding of neutrophils to endothelial cells, resulting in the rolling of neutrophils along the endothelial surface?

Rolling adhesion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of neutrophils crawling through the endothelial cells to exit the circulation?

Diapedesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of leukotriene B4?

Acting as a chemoattractant to direct leukocytes to the site of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of opsonisation?

To facilitate the engulfment of bacteria by leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of C5a in the context of inflammation?

Acting as a chemoattractant to direct leukocytes to the site of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the process of phagocytosis?

Destruction of the bacterium by digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of N-formylmethionine peptides?

Acting as chemoattractants to direct leukocytes to the site of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of signals initiated from G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of leukocytes?

Conformation changes in the leukocytes Signup and view all the answers