29 Questions
What is the primary mechanism by which viruses cause inflammation?
By causing death of individual cells through intracellular multiplication
What is the term for the recognition of pathogens by innate immune cells?
Pattern recognition
What is the term for the combination of cytokines and chemokines that trigger the initiation of inflammation?
Cytokine cascade
What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells?
Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity
What is the term for the release of self-molecules by damaged cells, which serves as a danger signal?
Self-molecule release
Who proposed the danger theory of inflammation?
Polly Matzinger
What is the primary cause of erythema and stasis of blood flow during the inflammatory response?
Vasodilation of small vessels
What is the primary function of acid hydrolases in lysosomes?
To break down bacteria, viruses, and proteins
Which of the following is a consequence of increased hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels?
Fluid leak from blood vessels
What is the term for the process by which lysosomal enzymes indirectly kill phagocytosed microbes?
Respiratory Burst
What is the primary function of macrophages in the inflammatory response?
To deliver leukocytes to sites of injury
What is the purpose of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)?
To trap microbes and prevent their spread
During which stage of neutrophil emigration do they attach firmly to the endothelium?
Adhesion
What is the primary stimulus for neutrophil emigration during the first 6-24 hours?
Chemokines
What is the byproduct of the combination of super oxygen radicals and nitric oxide?
Peroxynitrite
What is the role of Nitric Oxide Synthase in the defense against microbes?
To make nitric oxide
What is the term for the process of leucocytes moving from the centre of the vessel towards the periphery?
Margination
What is the result of the decrease in intravascular osmotic pressure during the inflammatory response?
Edema
Which of the following molecules is involved in the tight binding of neutrophils to endothelial cells?
ICAM
What is the term for the movement of neutrophils through the gaps between endothelial cells?
Transmigration
What is the term for the process of neutrophils moving towards the site of injury after exiting the circulation?
Chemotaxis
What is the term for the loose binding of neutrophils to endothelial cells, resulting in the rolling of neutrophils along the endothelial surface?
Rolling adhesion
What is the term for the process of neutrophils crawling through the endothelial cells to exit the circulation?
Diapedesis
What is the function of leukotriene B4?
Acting as a chemoattractant to direct leukocytes to the site of inflammation
What is the purpose of opsonisation?
To facilitate the engulfment of bacteria by leukocytes
What is the function of C5a in the context of inflammation?
Acting as a chemoattractant to direct leukocytes to the site of inflammation
What is the final step in the process of phagocytosis?
Destruction of the bacterium by digestive enzymes
What is the function of N-formylmethionine peptides?
Acting as chemoattractants to direct leukocytes to the site of inflammation
What is the result of signals initiated from G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of leukocytes?
Conformation changes in the leukocytes
This quiz covers microbial infections, tissue necrosis, and the effects of corrosives, acids, and alkalis. It also explores how viruses and bacteria cause inflammation, including the role of exotoxins and endotoxins.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
