Fungal Infections

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the antibiotic that is used to treat amoebal infections?

Fumigillin

What is the primary use of fungi in commercial processes?

Production of chemicals for food industry

Which of the following is NOT a product of fungi in biotechnology?

Vaccines

What is the name of the fungus that was first isolated by Florey and Chain in 1940?

Penicillium notatum Signup and view all the answers

What is a hazard involving fungi in food?

Food spoilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the antibiotic that is used to treat fungal infections?

Griseofulvin Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism is used to produce lactic acid in the production of butter?

Lactococcus cremoris Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Aspergillus niger in the production of citric acid?

Fermentation of citric acid precursors Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is used in the production of monosodium glutamate?

Corynebacteria glutamicum Signup and view all the answers

Which fungus is used in the production of cortisone and hydrocortisone?

Rhizopus nigricans Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Bacillus licheniformis in the production of biological washing powders?

Production of enzymes called subtilisins Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism is used in the production of yoghurt?

Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus bulgaricus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pyogenes capsule in bacteria?

To protect cells from desiccation and toxic materials Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical size range of bacterial chromosomes?

600 to 9500 kb Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the 30S subunit in prokaryotic protein synthesis?

It contains the 16S RNA and is responsible for the initiation of translation Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of bacterial mRNA that allows it to be translated by multiple ribosomes simultaneously?

It is polycistronic Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Open Reading Frames (ORF) in prokaryotic protein synthesis?

To determine the location of protein encoding genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of bacterial chromosomes?

Single circular chromosome of double stranded DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe fungal infections?

Mycoses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fungal infection is characterized by the invasion of superficial keratinized tissue, such as skin, hair, and nails?

Cutaneous mycoses Signup and view all the answers

What is the general term used to describe the characteristic skin lesions caused by dermatophytes?

Ringworm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dermatophytes is commonly associated with athlete's foot?

Trichophyton rubrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using cyclohexamide in agar cultures for identifying dermatophytes?

To inhibit the growth of saprophytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name of the infection caused by T. mentagrophytes?

Athlete's foot Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the lesions in ringworm?

Annular and inflamed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of prevention for athlete's foot?

Practicing good hygiene, especially keeping toes dry Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fungus that causes both athlete's foot and ringworm?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible complication of untreated athlete's foot?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of infection in Tinea capitis?

Skin of the scalp Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism is responsible for causing Tinea capitis in adults?

Trichophyton Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical characteristic of Ringworm of the scalp in childhood?

Black dot ringworm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Tinea capitis?

Removal of hairs and treatment with Griseofulvin Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of Aspergillosis that occurs in patients with elevated IgE levels?

Allergic aspergillosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fatty acids in the growth of Malassezia furfur?

To facilitate the growth of the fungus by providing a necessary nutrient Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Pityriasis versicolor?

It is a fungal infection characterized by pale or dark patches of skin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antifungal drugs accumulates in keratinised tissue and interacts with fungal microtubules?

Griseofulvin Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails?

Dermatophytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic mucocutaneous candidosis?

It is a sign of immunodeficiency in children Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?

Lung and skin Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Candida albicans growth in the mouth?

Enhanced by high levels of glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary predisposing factor for vaginal thrush or vulvovaginitis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the antibiotic used to treat disseminated histoplasmosis and other fungal infections?

Amphotericin B Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Histoplasma capsulatum infection in adults?

Large cavities develop in the lung Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of people infected with Toxoplasma gondii worldwide?

Up to one billion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the domestic cat in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii?

Definitive host Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the feline population is estimated to have antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii?

75% Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis?

Pyrimethane plus sulphadiazine Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of Cryptosporidium parvum cysts believed to be sufficient to cause infection?

1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum?

Contaminated food and water Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of reported cases of Cryptosporidium parvum infection per year in England and Wales?

6000 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ozonation in water treatment?

Killing of Cryptosporidium parvum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding Giardia and Cryptosporidium in the water industry?

They can cause severe waterborne outbreaks Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of filtration in water treatment?

Removal of pathogens including Giardia and Cryptosporidium Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the lung infection caused by Coccidioides immitis?

Coccidioidomycosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical location of Coccidioides immitis in the environment?

Semi-arid regions Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fungus that can cause endocarditis in immunosuppressed patients or those who have undergone open heart surgery?

Aspergillus fumigatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of chronic cases of Coccidioides immitis infection?

Localised cavities in lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails?

Dermatophytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of aseptic technique in a microbiology laboratory?

To minimize contamination and prevent the transmission of unwanted organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the procedure for preparing a nutrient agar plate?

Take a sterile Petri dish and label the base with your name and date, then pour the molten agar into the dish and leave it to set with the lid on Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a Bunsen burner in the laboratory?

To minimize air-borne contamination Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a single isolated bacterium on the surface of solid media?

A single bacterial colony of characteristic appearance Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to leave the lid on when pouring the molten agar into a Petri dish?

To prevent contamination from the air Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the laboratory practical covered in this introduction?

Aseptic techniques and cultivation of bacteria on agar Signup and view all the answers

Why is laboratory safety important in a microbiology laboratory?

To minimize the risk of laboratory-acquired infections and ensure a safe working environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of flaming the loop?

To sterilize the loop Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Gram staining?

To differentiate bacterial species into two large groups Signup and view all the answers

How are bacterial smears prepared?

Using an inoculating loop to transfer organisms from culture to slide Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of Gram stain status in medicine?

It determines the susceptibility of bacteria to certain antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of holding the slide with forceps?

To secure the slide during Gram staining Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Gram staining Staphylococcus aureus?

Gram-positive Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of making zig-zag streaks on the agar plate?

To achieve single colonies Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inoculating loops?

To transfer organisms from culture to slide or plate Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Lipid A in the LPS of bacteria?

To anchor the LPS in the membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the Core polysaccharide region of LPS?

It is branched and contains 9-12 sugars Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the O antigen in LPS?

To distinguish serotypes of bacterial species Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of Salmonella to differentially express their flagellar antigens?

Phase variation Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?

Fimbriae tend to be longer, while pili are generally shorter Signup and view all the answers

What is the microorganism used to produce Monosodium glutamate?

Corynebacteria glutamicum Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the enzyme used in PCR, derived from Thermus aquaticus?

Taq polymerase Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism is used to produce vinegar?

Acetobacter or Gluconobacter Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fungus used to produce citric acid?

Aspergillus niger Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using bacteria in yoghurt production?

To ferment lactose and produce lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the peptidoglycan layer in acid-fast bacteria?

It is attached to an arabinogalactan polymer Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide?

It anchors the lipopolysaccharide to the outer membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mycolic acid in the cell wall of acid-fast bacteria?

It forms a wax-like lipid coat surrounding the peptidoglycan layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cord factor in acid-fast bacteria?

It interferes with phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of arabinogalactan in acid-fast bacteria?

It is a polymer attached to the peptidoglycan layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the repeating backbone of peptidoglycan?

N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysozyme in relation to peptidoglycan?

It degrades the b1-4 bond within peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of the tetrapeptide in peptidoglycan?

It contains both D and L amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cross-linking of N-acetyl muramic acid with a tetrapeptide in Gram-positive bacteria?

It forms a peptide interbridge Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the third amino acid in peptidoglycan precursor?

Essential for cross-linking Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells?

It is essential for survival in hostile conditions Signup and view all the answers

What type of enzymes can be found in the periplasmic space?

Proteases, lipases, phosphatases, and nucleases Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

Why is the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls more permeable than the inner membrane?

Due to the presence of porins Signup and view all the answers

What type of virulence factor can be found in pathogenic bacteria?

Collagenases, hyaluronidases, proteases, and beta-lactamase Signup and view all the answers

When did bacteria first appear on Earth?

4 billion years ago Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with describing 'wee animalcules'?

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of evolutionary appearance from first to last?

Bacteria, eukaryotes, fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary contribution of Louis Pasteur to microbiology?

Disproving the 'spontaneous generation' theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sequencing 16S or 18S ribosomal RNA in phylogenetic analysis?

To determine the evolutionary distance between organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct statement about the phylogenetic tree of life?

The three major branches on the tree of life are bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing a set of postulates demonstrating that microorganisms cause disease?

Robert Koch Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the invention of the microscope in the history of microbiology?

It linked to the discovery of microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary contribution of Robert Koch to microbiology?

Developing a set of postulates demonstrating that microorganisms cause disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct statement about the history of microbiology?

Real advances came in the 19th century when other basic techniques were devised Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peptide cross-links in peptidoglycan?

To give rigidity to the bacterial cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the tetrapeptide in peptidoglycan?

It contains both D and L amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of peptidoglycan on phagocytosis?

It inhibits phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall?

To form a mesh-like exoskeleton that provides structural support Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of lysozyme on peptidoglycan?

It degrades the b1-4 bond in peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lactose permease in E. coli?

To transport lactose into the cell as proton enters the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the main energy source for active transport in E. coli?

Proton motive force Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of group translocation in E. coli?

To phosphorylate sugars during transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of sugar transport in E. coli?

Group translocation using phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of proton symport in E. coli?

The transport of lactose into the cell as proton enters the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of the glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and Entner-Doudoroff pathways?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of catabolism involves the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids into smaller molecules?

First stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the replenishment of NAD+ / FAD+ in glycolysis?

To prevent glycolysis from stopping Signup and view all the answers

Which process of nutrient transport does not require energy?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is the most common and takes place in the cytoplasm of bacteria?

Glycolytic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the driving force behind facilitated diffusion?

Concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which process of nutrient transport uses energy to pump molecules against their concentration gradient?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of pyruvate being oxidised by pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Production of acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of group translocation in bacterial nutrient transport?

To modify molecules during transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the proton motive force used for in bacterial cells?

To generate ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high temperatures on enzymes in microorganisms?

Denature enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Why do strict anaerobes have enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase?

To protect themselves from oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of pH on obligate acidophiles?

Their cytoplasmic membrane melts in neutral pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of temperature for microorganisms?

It affects the entire cell, including enzyme-catalyzed reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of extremophiles?

They can tolerate extreme cold or heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of facilitated diffusion?

It is selective for particular solutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of magnesium in cells?

As a cofactor for enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy source for active transport?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following micronutrients is involved in the catalysis of reactions and maintenance of protein structure?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about iron is correct?

Iron is a cofactor for enzymes involved in protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of permeases in facilitated diffusion?

To increase the rate of diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of solute movement in active transport?

Against the concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of potassium in the cell?

Required for the activity of enzymes involved in protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of substrate-binding proteins in active transport?

To bind to specific solutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of catabolism?

Energy + nutrients + waste products Signup and view all the answers

What is required for biosynthesis?

Energy from catabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anabolic and catabolic reactions in bacterial cells?

They occur in parallel Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of anabolic reactions?

Synthesis of cell components from nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy source for biosynthesis?

Oxidation of chemical compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of catabolic reactions?

Energy, nutrients, and waste products Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between catabolism and energy?

Catabolism results in energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of energy in biosynthesis?

Energy is required for biosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of anabolic reactions in terms of cell components?

Synthesis of cell components from nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of catabolism in cellular processes?

Catabolism provides energy for biosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common characteristic of skin infected with E. floccosum?

Itching between toes and formation of vesicles which rupture and discharge fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of prevention for athlete's foot?

Keeping toes dry and practicing good hygiene Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of ringworm infections caused by dermatophytes?

Annular lesions with varying degrees of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for tinea pedis?

Antifungal creams or powders Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of dermatophyte infections?

Nail infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of fungal infection that is characterized by the invasion of superficial keratinized tissue, such as skin, hair, and nails?

Dermatophytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical characteristic of Ringworm of the scalp in childhood?

Alopecia with scaling Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes dermatophytes from other fungi?

Their inability to grow in the presence of cyclohexamide Signup and view all the answers

Which fungus is responsible for Tinea capitis?

Microsporum Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of ringworm lesions?

Circular with a ring-like appearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Tinea capitis?

Removal of hairs and treatment with Griseofulvin Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common treatment for tinea pedis?

Topical antifungals Signup and view all the answers

Which fungus can infect beard hair?

Trichophyton Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of fungal colonies grown on Sabouraud agar?

They can have variable morphology Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of nail infections caused by dermatophytes?

They can cause brittle or thick nails Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from other organisms?

They have a RNA genome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antifungal drugs acts by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?

Azoles Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the limited range of antifungal drugs compared to antibacterials?

Fungal cells have a similar structure to human cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of viruses that makes them obligate intracellular parasites?

They lack protein synthesis apparatus and energy-producing systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of interferon on viruses?

It inhibits viral replication Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drug accumulates in keratinized tissue and interacts with fungal microtubules?

Griseofulvin Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical symptom of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?

Mild flu-like symptoms or asymptomatic Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of chronic cases of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?

Large cavities develop in the lung Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is INCORRECT concerning Coccidioides immitis?

Dissemination occurs in the majority of cases Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drug is used to treat disseminated histoplasmosis and other fungal infections?

Amphotericin B Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the lung infection caused by Coccidioides immitis?

Coccidioidomycosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Coccidioides immitis in chronic cases?

Localised cavities in lungs filled with spherules Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Aspergillus fumigatus?

Corticosteroids and surgical removal of infected tissue Signup and view all the answers

Where is Coccidioides immitis commonly found?

Southwest USA and Northern Mexico Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Coccidioides immitis in immunocompromised patients?

Dissemination occurs in more than 0.5% of cases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?

Lung Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Candida albicans?

Appears as Gram-positive Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for disseminated histoplasmosis?

Amphotericin B Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding Histoplasmosis?

High death rate in disseminated cases Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Histoplasma capsulatum growth?

Grows as a mould or yeast in animal tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic symptom of Histoplasmosis?

Cough and fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of Histoplasmosis in the USA?

250,000 new cases each year Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Coccidioides immitis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Histoplasmosis?

Intravenous Amphotericin B Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Plasmodium?

Found in areas where mosquito vectors can breed Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Here is a summary of the text in detailed bullet points:

• Fungi, especially species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, are used to produce antibiotics, such as penicillin, griseofulvin, and cephalosporins.

• Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929 and was first isolated by Florey and Chain in 1940.

• Modern penicillin production uses Penicillium chrysogenum, and the process involves fermentation.

• Fungi are also used in biotechnology to produce various products, including citric acid, kojic acid, itaconic acid, steroids, glycerol, ethanol, and enzymes like amylases and penicillin acylase.

• Fungi can cause infections, including superficial and deep mycoses, and produce toxins that can cause disease.

• Fungi can spoil food and cause plant diseases.

• Beneficial uses of microorganisms include the production of food products, such as dairy products, cheese, yoghurt, vinegar, and baked goods.

• Microorganisms are also used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries to produce antibiotics, vitamins, and amino acids.

• Bacterial chromosomes are single circular chromosomes of double-stranded DNA, ranging in size from 600 to 9500 kb.

• Prokaryotic protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes and involves the translation of mRNA into protein.

• Fungal infections, also known as mycoses, can be divided into superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic mycoses.

• Dermatophytes, such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton, cause skin, hair, and nail infections.

• Aspergillosis is a group of mycoses caused by Aspergillus species, which can cause pulmonary aspergillosis, invasive aspergillosis, and allergic aspergillosis.

• Histoplasma capsulatum is a fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a disease that can be asymptomatic or cause symptoms like fever, cough, and joint pain.

• Candida albicans is a yeast that can cause oral thrush, vaginal thrush, and skin infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Fungal Infections

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the antibiotic that is used to treat amoebal infections?

What is the primary use of fungi in commercial processes?

Which of the following is NOT a product of fungi in biotechnology?

What is the name of the fungus that was first isolated by Florey and Chain in 1940?

What is a hazard involving fungi in food?

What is the name of the antibiotic that is used to treat fungal infections?

Which microorganism is used to produce lactic acid in the production of butter?

What is the role of Aspergillus niger in the production of citric acid?

Which bacterium is used in the production of monosodium glutamate?

Which fungus is used in the production of cortisone and hydrocortisone?

What is the role of Bacillus licheniformis in the production of biological washing powders?

Which microorganism is used in the production of yoghurt?

What is the primary function of the pyogenes capsule in bacteria?

What is the typical size range of bacterial chromosomes?

What is the function of the 30S subunit in prokaryotic protein synthesis?

What is the characteristic of bacterial mRNA that allows it to be translated by multiple ribosomes simultaneously?

What is the purpose of the Open Reading Frames (ORF) in prokaryotic protein synthesis?

What is the composition of bacterial chromosomes?

What is the term used to describe fungal infections?

Which type of fungal infection is characterized by the invasion of superficial keratinized tissue, such as skin, hair, and nails?

What is the general term used to describe the characteristic skin lesions caused by dermatophytes?

Which of the following dermatophytes is commonly associated with athlete's foot?

What is the purpose of using cyclohexamide in agar cultures for identifying dermatophytes?

What is the common name of the infection caused by T. mentagrophytes?

What is the characteristic of the lesions in ringworm?

What is the primary mode of prevention for athlete's foot?

What is the name of the fungus that causes both athlete's foot and ringworm?

What is a possible complication of untreated athlete's foot?

What is the primary location of infection in Tinea capitis?

Which type of organism is responsible for causing Tinea capitis in adults?

What is the typical characteristic of Ringworm of the scalp in childhood?

What is the primary treatment for Tinea capitis?

What is the type of Aspergillosis that occurs in patients with elevated IgE levels?

What is the primary role of fatty acids in the growth of Malassezia furfur?

What is the characteristic of Pityriasis versicolor?

Which of the following antifungal drugs accumulates in keratinised tissue and interacts with fungal microtubules?

What is the term for fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails?

Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic mucocutaneous candidosis?

What is the primary location of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?

What is the characteristic of Candida albicans growth in the mouth?

What is the primary predisposing factor for vaginal thrush or vulvovaginitis?

What is the name of the antibiotic used to treat disseminated histoplasmosis and other fungal infections?

What is the characteristic of Histoplasma capsulatum infection in adults?

What is the estimated number of people infected with Toxoplasma gondii worldwide?

What is the primary role of the domestic cat in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii?

What percentage of the feline population is estimated to have antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii?

What is the recommended treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis?

What is the minimum number of Cryptosporidium parvum cysts believed to be sufficient to cause infection?

What is the primary mode of transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum?

What is the estimated number of reported cases of Cryptosporidium parvum infection per year in England and Wales?

What is the purpose of ozonation in water treatment?

What is the primary concern regarding Giardia and Cryptosporidium in the water industry?

What is the purpose of filtration in water treatment?

What is the name of the lung infection caused by Coccidioides immitis?

What is the typical location of Coccidioides immitis in the environment?

What is the name of the fungus that can cause endocarditis in immunosuppressed patients or those who have undergone open heart surgery?

What is the characteristic of chronic cases of Coccidioides immitis infection?

What is the term used to describe fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails?

What is the primary purpose of aseptic technique in a microbiology laboratory?

What is the procedure for preparing a nutrient agar plate?

What is the purpose of using a Bunsen burner in the laboratory?

What is the result of a single isolated bacterium on the surface of solid media?

Why is it important to leave the lid on when pouring the molten agar into a Petri dish?

What is the primary focus of the laboratory practical covered in this introduction?

Why is laboratory safety important in a microbiology laboratory?

What is the purpose of flaming the loop?

What is the primary purpose of Gram staining?

How are bacterial smears prepared?

What is the importance of Gram stain status in medicine?

What is the purpose of holding the slide with forceps?

What is the result of Gram staining Staphylococcus aureus?

What is the purpose of making zig-zag streaks on the agar plate?

What is the purpose of inoculating loops?

What is the function of Lipid A in the LPS of bacteria?

What is the characteristic of the Core polysaccharide region of LPS?

What is the function of the O antigen in LPS?

What is the term for the ability of Salmonella to differentially express their flagellar antigens?