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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the antibiotic that is used to treat amoebal infections?
What is the name of the antibiotic that is used to treat amoebal infections?
- Penicillin
- Cephalosporins
- Griseofulvin
- Fumigillin (correct)
What is the primary use of fungi in commercial processes?
What is the primary use of fungi in commercial processes?
- Production of chemicals for food industry (correct)
- Production of antibiotics
- Production of enzymes for waste management
- Production of toxins
Which of the following is NOT a product of fungi in biotechnology?
Which of the following is NOT a product of fungi in biotechnology?
- Steroids
- Vaccines (correct)
- Ethanol
- Glycerol
What is the name of the fungus that was first isolated by Florey and Chain in 1940?
What is the name of the fungus that was first isolated by Florey and Chain in 1940?
What is a hazard involving fungi in food?
What is a hazard involving fungi in food?
What is the name of the antibiotic that is used to treat fungal infections?
What is the name of the antibiotic that is used to treat fungal infections?
Which microorganism is used to produce lactic acid in the production of butter?
Which microorganism is used to produce lactic acid in the production of butter?
What is the role of Aspergillus niger in the production of citric acid?
What is the role of Aspergillus niger in the production of citric acid?
Which bacterium is used in the production of monosodium glutamate?
Which bacterium is used in the production of monosodium glutamate?
Which fungus is used in the production of cortisone and hydrocortisone?
Which fungus is used in the production of cortisone and hydrocortisone?
What is the role of Bacillus licheniformis in the production of biological washing powders?
What is the role of Bacillus licheniformis in the production of biological washing powders?
Which microorganism is used in the production of yoghurt?
Which microorganism is used in the production of yoghurt?
What is the primary function of the pyogenes capsule in bacteria?
What is the primary function of the pyogenes capsule in bacteria?
What is the typical size range of bacterial chromosomes?
What is the typical size range of bacterial chromosomes?
What is the function of the 30S subunit in prokaryotic protein synthesis?
What is the function of the 30S subunit in prokaryotic protein synthesis?
What is the characteristic of bacterial mRNA that allows it to be translated by multiple ribosomes simultaneously?
What is the characteristic of bacterial mRNA that allows it to be translated by multiple ribosomes simultaneously?
What is the purpose of the Open Reading Frames (ORF) in prokaryotic protein synthesis?
What is the purpose of the Open Reading Frames (ORF) in prokaryotic protein synthesis?
What is the composition of bacterial chromosomes?
What is the composition of bacterial chromosomes?
What is the term used to describe fungal infections?
What is the term used to describe fungal infections?
Which type of fungal infection is characterized by the invasion of superficial keratinized tissue, such as skin, hair, and nails?
Which type of fungal infection is characterized by the invasion of superficial keratinized tissue, such as skin, hair, and nails?
What is the general term used to describe the characteristic skin lesions caused by dermatophytes?
What is the general term used to describe the characteristic skin lesions caused by dermatophytes?
Which of the following dermatophytes is commonly associated with athlete's foot?
Which of the following dermatophytes is commonly associated with athlete's foot?
What is the purpose of using cyclohexamide in agar cultures for identifying dermatophytes?
What is the purpose of using cyclohexamide in agar cultures for identifying dermatophytes?
What is the common name of the infection caused by T. mentagrophytes?
What is the common name of the infection caused by T. mentagrophytes?
What is the characteristic of the lesions in ringworm?
What is the characteristic of the lesions in ringworm?
What is the primary mode of prevention for athlete's foot?
What is the primary mode of prevention for athlete's foot?
What is the name of the fungus that causes both athlete's foot and ringworm?
What is the name of the fungus that causes both athlete's foot and ringworm?
What is a possible complication of untreated athlete's foot?
What is a possible complication of untreated athlete's foot?
What is the primary location of infection in Tinea capitis?
What is the primary location of infection in Tinea capitis?
Which type of organism is responsible for causing Tinea capitis in adults?
Which type of organism is responsible for causing Tinea capitis in adults?
What is the typical characteristic of Ringworm of the scalp in childhood?
What is the typical characteristic of Ringworm of the scalp in childhood?
What is the primary treatment for Tinea capitis?
What is the primary treatment for Tinea capitis?
What is the type of Aspergillosis that occurs in patients with elevated IgE levels?
What is the type of Aspergillosis that occurs in patients with elevated IgE levels?
What is the primary role of fatty acids in the growth of Malassezia furfur?
What is the primary role of fatty acids in the growth of Malassezia furfur?
What is the characteristic of Pityriasis versicolor?
What is the characteristic of Pityriasis versicolor?
Which of the following antifungal drugs accumulates in keratinised tissue and interacts with fungal microtubules?
Which of the following antifungal drugs accumulates in keratinised tissue and interacts with fungal microtubules?
What is the term for fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails?
What is the term for fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails?
Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic mucocutaneous candidosis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic mucocutaneous candidosis?
What is the primary location of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?
What is the primary location of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?
What is the characteristic of Candida albicans growth in the mouth?
What is the characteristic of Candida albicans growth in the mouth?
What is the primary predisposing factor for vaginal thrush or vulvovaginitis?
What is the primary predisposing factor for vaginal thrush or vulvovaginitis?
What is the name of the antibiotic used to treat disseminated histoplasmosis and other fungal infections?
What is the name of the antibiotic used to treat disseminated histoplasmosis and other fungal infections?
What is the characteristic of Histoplasma capsulatum infection in adults?
What is the characteristic of Histoplasma capsulatum infection in adults?
What is the estimated number of people infected with Toxoplasma gondii worldwide?
What is the estimated number of people infected with Toxoplasma gondii worldwide?
What is the primary role of the domestic cat in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii?
What is the primary role of the domestic cat in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii?
What percentage of the feline population is estimated to have antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii?
What percentage of the feline population is estimated to have antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii?
What is the recommended treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis?
What is the recommended treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis?
What is the minimum number of Cryptosporidium parvum cysts believed to be sufficient to cause infection?
What is the minimum number of Cryptosporidium parvum cysts believed to be sufficient to cause infection?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum?
What is the estimated number of reported cases of Cryptosporidium parvum infection per year in England and Wales?
What is the estimated number of reported cases of Cryptosporidium parvum infection per year in England and Wales?
What is the purpose of ozonation in water treatment?
What is the purpose of ozonation in water treatment?
What is the primary concern regarding Giardia and Cryptosporidium in the water industry?
What is the primary concern regarding Giardia and Cryptosporidium in the water industry?
What is the purpose of filtration in water treatment?
What is the purpose of filtration in water treatment?
What is the name of the lung infection caused by Coccidioides immitis?
What is the name of the lung infection caused by Coccidioides immitis?
What is the typical location of Coccidioides immitis in the environment?
What is the typical location of Coccidioides immitis in the environment?
What is the name of the fungus that can cause endocarditis in immunosuppressed patients or those who have undergone open heart surgery?
What is the name of the fungus that can cause endocarditis in immunosuppressed patients or those who have undergone open heart surgery?
What is the characteristic of chronic cases of Coccidioides immitis infection?
What is the characteristic of chronic cases of Coccidioides immitis infection?
What is the term used to describe fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails?
What is the term used to describe fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails?
What is the primary purpose of aseptic technique in a microbiology laboratory?
What is the primary purpose of aseptic technique in a microbiology laboratory?
What is the procedure for preparing a nutrient agar plate?
What is the procedure for preparing a nutrient agar plate?
What is the purpose of using a Bunsen burner in the laboratory?
What is the purpose of using a Bunsen burner in the laboratory?
What is the result of a single isolated bacterium on the surface of solid media?
What is the result of a single isolated bacterium on the surface of solid media?
Why is it important to leave the lid on when pouring the molten agar into a Petri dish?
Why is it important to leave the lid on when pouring the molten agar into a Petri dish?
What is the primary focus of the laboratory practical covered in this introduction?
What is the primary focus of the laboratory practical covered in this introduction?
Why is laboratory safety important in a microbiology laboratory?
Why is laboratory safety important in a microbiology laboratory?
What is the purpose of flaming the loop?
What is the purpose of flaming the loop?
What is the primary purpose of Gram staining?
What is the primary purpose of Gram staining?
How are bacterial smears prepared?
How are bacterial smears prepared?
What is the importance of Gram stain status in medicine?
What is the importance of Gram stain status in medicine?
What is the purpose of holding the slide with forceps?
What is the purpose of holding the slide with forceps?
What is the result of Gram staining Staphylococcus aureus?
What is the result of Gram staining Staphylococcus aureus?
What is the purpose of making zig-zag streaks on the agar plate?
What is the purpose of making zig-zag streaks on the agar plate?
What is the purpose of inoculating loops?
What is the purpose of inoculating loops?
What is the function of Lipid A in the LPS of bacteria?
What is the function of Lipid A in the LPS of bacteria?
What is the characteristic of the Core polysaccharide region of LPS?
What is the characteristic of the Core polysaccharide region of LPS?
What is the function of the O antigen in LPS?
What is the function of the O antigen in LPS?
What is the term for the ability of Salmonella to differentially express their flagellar antigens?
What is the term for the ability of Salmonella to differentially express their flagellar antigens?
What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?
What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?
What is the microorganism used to produce Monosodium glutamate?
What is the microorganism used to produce Monosodium glutamate?
What is the name of the enzyme used in PCR, derived from Thermus aquaticus?
What is the name of the enzyme used in PCR, derived from Thermus aquaticus?
Which type of microorganism is used to produce vinegar?
Which type of microorganism is used to produce vinegar?
What is the name of the fungus used to produce citric acid?
What is the name of the fungus used to produce citric acid?
What is the purpose of using bacteria in yoghurt production?
What is the purpose of using bacteria in yoghurt production?
What is unique about the peptidoglycan layer in acid-fast bacteria?
What is unique about the peptidoglycan layer in acid-fast bacteria?
What is the function of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide?
What is the function of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide?
What is the role of mycolic acid in the cell wall of acid-fast bacteria?
What is the role of mycolic acid in the cell wall of acid-fast bacteria?
What is the purpose of cord factor in acid-fast bacteria?
What is the purpose of cord factor in acid-fast bacteria?
What is the function of arabinogalactan in acid-fast bacteria?
What is the function of arabinogalactan in acid-fast bacteria?
What is the composition of the repeating backbone of peptidoglycan?
What is the composition of the repeating backbone of peptidoglycan?
What is the function of lysozyme in relation to peptidoglycan?
What is the function of lysozyme in relation to peptidoglycan?
What is characteristic of the tetrapeptide in peptidoglycan?
What is characteristic of the tetrapeptide in peptidoglycan?
What is the result of cross-linking of N-acetyl muramic acid with a tetrapeptide in Gram-positive bacteria?
What is the result of cross-linking of N-acetyl muramic acid with a tetrapeptide in Gram-positive bacteria?
What is the function of the third amino acid in peptidoglycan precursor?
What is the function of the third amino acid in peptidoglycan precursor?
What is the significance of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells?
What is the significance of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells?
What type of enzymes can be found in the periplasmic space?
What type of enzymes can be found in the periplasmic space?
What is the composition of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?
What is the composition of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?
Why is the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls more permeable than the inner membrane?
Why is the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls more permeable than the inner membrane?
What type of virulence factor can be found in pathogenic bacteria?
What type of virulence factor can be found in pathogenic bacteria?
When did bacteria first appear on Earth?
When did bacteria first appear on Earth?
Who is credited with describing 'wee animalcules'?
Who is credited with describing 'wee animalcules'?
What is the correct order of evolutionary appearance from first to last?
What is the correct order of evolutionary appearance from first to last?
What is the primary contribution of Louis Pasteur to microbiology?
What is the primary contribution of Louis Pasteur to microbiology?
What is the purpose of sequencing 16S or 18S ribosomal RNA in phylogenetic analysis?
What is the purpose of sequencing 16S or 18S ribosomal RNA in phylogenetic analysis?
What is the correct statement about the phylogenetic tree of life?
What is the correct statement about the phylogenetic tree of life?
Who is credited with developing a set of postulates demonstrating that microorganisms cause disease?
Who is credited with developing a set of postulates demonstrating that microorganisms cause disease?
What is the significance of the invention of the microscope in the history of microbiology?
What is the significance of the invention of the microscope in the history of microbiology?
What is the primary contribution of Robert Koch to microbiology?
What is the primary contribution of Robert Koch to microbiology?
What is the correct statement about the history of microbiology?
What is the correct statement about the history of microbiology?
What is the primary function of peptide cross-links in peptidoglycan?
What is the primary function of peptide cross-links in peptidoglycan?
What is the characteristic of the tetrapeptide in peptidoglycan?
What is the characteristic of the tetrapeptide in peptidoglycan?
What is the effect of peptidoglycan on phagocytosis?
What is the effect of peptidoglycan on phagocytosis?
What is the role of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall?
What is the role of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall?
What is the effect of lysozyme on peptidoglycan?
What is the effect of lysozyme on peptidoglycan?
What is the primary function of lactose permease in E. coli?
What is the primary function of lactose permease in E. coli?
What is the main energy source for active transport in E. coli?
What is the main energy source for active transport in E. coli?
What is the primary function of group translocation in E. coli?
What is the primary function of group translocation in E. coli?
What is the primary mechanism of sugar transport in E. coli?
What is the primary mechanism of sugar transport in E. coli?
What is the result of proton symport in E. coli?
What is the result of proton symport in E. coli?
What is the end product of the glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and Entner-Doudoroff pathways?
What is the end product of the glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and Entner-Doudoroff pathways?
Which stage of catabolism involves the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids into smaller molecules?
Which stage of catabolism involves the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids into smaller molecules?
What is the purpose of the replenishment of NAD+ / FAD+ in glycolysis?
What is the purpose of the replenishment of NAD+ / FAD+ in glycolysis?
Which process of nutrient transport does not require energy?
Which process of nutrient transport does not require energy?
Which pathway is the most common and takes place in the cytoplasm of bacteria?
Which pathway is the most common and takes place in the cytoplasm of bacteria?
What is the driving force behind facilitated diffusion?
What is the driving force behind facilitated diffusion?
Which process of nutrient transport uses energy to pump molecules against their concentration gradient?
Which process of nutrient transport uses energy to pump molecules against their concentration gradient?
What is the result of pyruvate being oxidised by pyruvate dehydrogenase?
What is the result of pyruvate being oxidised by pyruvate dehydrogenase?
What is the purpose of group translocation in bacterial nutrient transport?
What is the purpose of group translocation in bacterial nutrient transport?
What is the proton motive force used for in bacterial cells?
What is the proton motive force used for in bacterial cells?
What is the effect of high temperatures on enzymes in microorganisms?
What is the effect of high temperatures on enzymes in microorganisms?
Why do strict anaerobes have enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase?
Why do strict anaerobes have enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase?
What is the effect of pH on obligate acidophiles?
What is the effect of pH on obligate acidophiles?
What is the significance of temperature for microorganisms?
What is the significance of temperature for microorganisms?
What is the characteristic of extremophiles?
What is the characteristic of extremophiles?
What is the main characteristic of facilitated diffusion?
What is the main characteristic of facilitated diffusion?
What is the role of magnesium in cells?
What is the role of magnesium in cells?
What is the energy source for active transport?
What is the energy source for active transport?
Which of the following micronutrients is involved in the catalysis of reactions and maintenance of protein structure?
Which of the following micronutrients is involved in the catalysis of reactions and maintenance of protein structure?
Which of the following statements about iron is correct?
Which of the following statements about iron is correct?
What is the function of permeases in facilitated diffusion?
What is the function of permeases in facilitated diffusion?
What is the direction of solute movement in active transport?
What is the direction of solute movement in active transport?
What is the role of potassium in the cell?
What is the role of potassium in the cell?
What is the role of substrate-binding proteins in active transport?
What is the role of substrate-binding proteins in active transport?
What is the result of catabolism?
What is the result of catabolism?
What is required for biosynthesis?
What is required for biosynthesis?
What is the relationship between anabolic and catabolic reactions in bacterial cells?
What is the relationship between anabolic and catabolic reactions in bacterial cells?
What is the outcome of anabolic reactions?
What is the outcome of anabolic reactions?
What is the energy source for biosynthesis?
What is the energy source for biosynthesis?
What is the outcome of catabolic reactions?
What is the outcome of catabolic reactions?
What is the relationship between catabolism and energy?
What is the relationship between catabolism and energy?
What is the significance of energy in biosynthesis?
What is the significance of energy in biosynthesis?
What is the outcome of anabolic reactions in terms of cell components?
What is the outcome of anabolic reactions in terms of cell components?
What is the significance of catabolism in cellular processes?
What is the significance of catabolism in cellular processes?
What is the most common characteristic of skin infected with E. floccosum?
What is the most common characteristic of skin infected with E. floccosum?
What is the primary method of prevention for athlete's foot?
What is the primary method of prevention for athlete's foot?
What is the characteristic of ringworm infections caused by dermatophytes?
What is the characteristic of ringworm infections caused by dermatophytes?
What is the recommended treatment for tinea pedis?
What is the recommended treatment for tinea pedis?
What is a potential complication of dermatophyte infections?
What is a potential complication of dermatophyte infections?
What is the type of fungal infection that is characterized by the invasion of superficial keratinized tissue, such as skin, hair, and nails?
What is the type of fungal infection that is characterized by the invasion of superficial keratinized tissue, such as skin, hair, and nails?
What is the typical characteristic of Ringworm of the scalp in childhood?
What is the typical characteristic of Ringworm of the scalp in childhood?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes dermatophytes from other fungi?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes dermatophytes from other fungi?
Which fungus is responsible for Tinea capitis?
Which fungus is responsible for Tinea capitis?
What is the characteristic appearance of ringworm lesions?
What is the characteristic appearance of ringworm lesions?
What is the treatment for Tinea capitis?
What is the treatment for Tinea capitis?
What is the most common treatment for tinea pedis?
What is the most common treatment for tinea pedis?
Which fungus can infect beard hair?
Which fungus can infect beard hair?
What is the characteristic of fungal colonies grown on Sabouraud agar?
What is the characteristic of fungal colonies grown on Sabouraud agar?
What is the characteristic of nail infections caused by dermatophytes?
What is the characteristic of nail infections caused by dermatophytes?
What is a characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from other organisms?
What is a characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from other organisms?
Which of the following antifungal drugs acts by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?
Which of the following antifungal drugs acts by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?
What is the reason for the limited range of antifungal drugs compared to antibacterials?
What is the reason for the limited range of antifungal drugs compared to antibacterials?
What is a characteristic of viruses that makes them obligate intracellular parasites?
What is a characteristic of viruses that makes them obligate intracellular parasites?
What is the result of interferon on viruses?
What is the result of interferon on viruses?
Which antifungal drug accumulates in keratinized tissue and interacts with fungal microtubules?
Which antifungal drug accumulates in keratinized tissue and interacts with fungal microtubules?
What is the typical symptom of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?
What is the typical symptom of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?
What is the characteristic of chronic cases of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?
What is the characteristic of chronic cases of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?
Which of the following is INCORRECT concerning Coccidioides immitis?
Which of the following is INCORRECT concerning Coccidioides immitis?
Which antifungal drug is used to treat disseminated histoplasmosis and other fungal infections?
Which antifungal drug is used to treat disseminated histoplasmosis and other fungal infections?
What is the name of the lung infection caused by Coccidioides immitis?
What is the name of the lung infection caused by Coccidioides immitis?
What is the characteristic of Coccidioides immitis in chronic cases?
What is the characteristic of Coccidioides immitis in chronic cases?
What is the treatment for Aspergillus fumigatus?
What is the treatment for Aspergillus fumigatus?
Where is Coccidioides immitis commonly found?
Where is Coccidioides immitis commonly found?
What is the characteristic of Coccidioides immitis in immunocompromised patients?
What is the characteristic of Coccidioides immitis in immunocompromised patients?
What is the primary location of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?
What is the primary location of Histoplasma capsulatum infection?
What is the characteristic of Candida albicans?
What is the characteristic of Candida albicans?
What is the treatment for disseminated histoplasmosis?
What is the treatment for disseminated histoplasmosis?
What is the primary concern regarding Histoplasmosis?
What is the primary concern regarding Histoplasmosis?
What is the characteristic of Histoplasma capsulatum growth?
What is the characteristic of Histoplasma capsulatum growth?
What is the characteristic symptom of Histoplasmosis?
What is the characteristic symptom of Histoplasmosis?
What is the prevalence of Histoplasmosis in the USA?
What is the prevalence of Histoplasmosis in the USA?
What is the characteristic of Coccidioides immitis?
What is the characteristic of Coccidioides immitis?
What is the treatment for Histoplasmosis?
What is the treatment for Histoplasmosis?
What is the characteristic of Plasmodium?
What is the characteristic of Plasmodium?
Study Notes
Here is a summary of the text in detailed bullet points:
• Fungi, especially species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, are used to produce antibiotics, such as penicillin, griseofulvin, and cephalosporins.
• Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929 and was first isolated by Florey and Chain in 1940.
• Modern penicillin production uses Penicillium chrysogenum, and the process involves fermentation.
• Fungi are also used in biotechnology to produce various products, including citric acid, kojic acid, itaconic acid, steroids, glycerol, ethanol, and enzymes like amylases and penicillin acylase.
• Fungi can cause infections, including superficial and deep mycoses, and produce toxins that can cause disease.
• Fungi can spoil food and cause plant diseases.
• Beneficial uses of microorganisms include the production of food products, such as dairy products, cheese, yoghurt, vinegar, and baked goods.
• Microorganisms are also used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries to produce antibiotics, vitamins, and amino acids.
• Bacterial chromosomes are single circular chromosomes of double-stranded DNA, ranging in size from 600 to 9500 kb.
• Prokaryotic protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes and involves the translation of mRNA into protein.
• Fungal infections, also known as mycoses, can be divided into superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic mycoses.
• Dermatophytes, such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton, cause skin, hair, and nail infections.
• Aspergillosis is a group of mycoses caused by Aspergillus species, which can cause pulmonary aspergillosis, invasive aspergillosis, and allergic aspergillosis.
• Histoplasma capsulatum is a fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a disease that can be asymptomatic or cause symptoms like fever, cough, and joint pain.
• Candida albicans is a yeast that can cause oral thrush, vaginal thrush, and skin infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
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This quiz covers the different types of fungal infections, including superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic mycoses. Learn about the characteristics of each type and how they affect the body. Test your knowledge of fungal infections and their impact on human health.
