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Questions and Answers
List three general features of fungal anatomy.
List three general features of fungal anatomy.
Ribosomes, mitochondria, cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, storage vacuole.
Differentiate among the terms heterotroph, saprobe, and parasite.
Differentiate among the terms heterotroph, saprobe, and parasite.
A heterotroph gains nutrients from organic materials, a saprobe acquires nutrients from dead organisms, and a parasite lives on a living organism.
Explain the relationship between fungal hyphae and the production of a mycelium.
Explain the relationship between fungal hyphae and the production of a mycelium.
Hyphae are long, branching filaments that collectively form mycelium.
Describe two ways in which fungal spores arise.
Describe two ways in which fungal spores arise.
List two detrimental and two beneficial activities of fungi from the viewpoint of humans.
List two detrimental and two beneficial activities of fungi from the viewpoint of humans.
Note the protozoan characteristics that illustrate why they are informally placed into a single group.
Note the protozoan characteristics that illustrate why they are informally placed into a single group.
List three means of locomotion exhibited by protozoa.
List three means of locomotion exhibited by protozoa.
Explain why a cyst stage may be useful in a protozoan.
Explain why a cyst stage may be useful in a protozoan.
Give an example of a human disease caused by each of the four types of protozoa.
Give an example of a human disease caused by each of the four types of protozoa.
List the two major groups of helminths and provide examples representing each body type.
List the two major groups of helminths and provide examples representing each body type.
Summarize the stages of a typical helminth life cycle.
Summarize the stages of a typical helminth life cycle.
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Study Notes
Fungal Anatomy
- Fungi possess ribosomes, mitochondria, a cell wall, a cell membrane, a nucleus, a nucleolus, a Golgi apparatus, and storage vacuoles.
Nutritional Strategies
- Heterotrophs derive nutrients from organic materials.
- Saprobes obtain nutrients from decaying organic matter, found in soil and water.
- Parasites live on or within a living host organism.
Fungal Hyphae & Mycelium
- Hyphae are filamentous structures that branch out and collectively form mycelium, the main vegetative body of fungi.
Fungal Spore Formation
- Spores arise from asexual reproduction (e.g., sporangiospores and conidiospores) or sexual reproduction, enabling variation and dispersal.
Human Impact of Fungi
- Beneficial roles include decomposing organic matter and producing antibiotics, alcohol, and vitamins.
- Detrimental effects include causing infections in humans and being pathogenic to crops like corn and wheat, leading to financial loss.
Characteristics of Protozoa
- Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes showcasing animal-like traits, including mobility and heterotrophic nutrition.
Protozoan Locomotion
- Protozoans exhibit movement through flagella, cilia, or amoeboid motion.
Cyst Stage in Protozoa
- Cysts enable protozoa to endure harsh conditions such as extreme temperatures, food scarcity, low oxygen, moisture absence, and chemical toxicity.
Human Diseases Caused by Protozoa
- Amoeboid: Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebiasis via contaminated water and food.
- Ciliated: Balantidium coli leads to balantidiosis affecting the intestines.
- Flagellated: Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, also transmitted through contaminated water and food.
- Nonmotile: Plasmodium vivax is responsible for malaria, transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito.
Helminth Classification
- Major groups include Platyhelminthes (flatworms like blood flukes and pork tapeworms) and Nematodes (roundworms like ascaris, guinea worm, and pinworm).
Helminth Life Cycle
- Adult helminths have life spans ranging from 1 to 8 years; they can be hermaphrodites or sexually differentiated.
- Life cycle includes egg, larval, and adult stages.
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