Microbial Transport and Monitoring Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of bacteria are found in surface soil due to higher nutrient content?

  • K-selected/oligotrophs
  • Fungi
  • R-selected/copiotrophs (correct)
  • Actinomycetes

    • What is used to identify unidentified microorganisms in molecular studies?

  • Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (correct)
  • Bacteriophages
  • Humus
  • Viable but nonculturable (VBNC)

    • What do actinomycetes produce?

  • Viable but difficult to culture (VBDC) microbes
  • Novel secondary metabolites and antibiotics (correct)
  • Fecal coliforms
  • Humus

    • What do fungi play a crucial role in?

    <p>Nutrient cycling and decomposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common contaminants in water microbiology studies?

    <p>Fecal coliforms and viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do water microbiomes participate in?

    <p>Nutrient cycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which marine microbe is the most abundant and impactful on carbon and nutrient flow?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do subsurface soil microorganisms have fewer of due to lower nutrient content?

    <p>Cultureable microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do soil microorganisms do in addition to breaking down organic matter?

    <p>Cycle nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do protozoa play in the ecosystem?

    <p>Preying on bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of fine particles in the category of bioaerosols?

    <p>0.01µm to 0.1 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can affect the survival of microbes in the air?

    <p>Relative humidity, temperature, and radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the microorganisms found in the air usually originate from?

    <p>Soil, aquatic ecosystem, or human sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of living microbes suspended in the air called?

    <p>Aerobiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of coarse mode particles in the category of bioaerosols?

    <p>1.0µm to 100µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bioaerosols?

    <p>Microbes suspended in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can high temperature affect the survival of microbes in the air?

    <p>High temperature can cause desiccation and protein denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a transport medium for microorganisms in the air?

    <p>Wind and precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the presence and behavior of microorganisms in the atmosphere?

    <p>Aeromicrobiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can affect the survival of microbes in the air in terms of radiation?

    <p>DNA mutation and ROS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the transportation and suspension of bioaerosols in the air?

    <p>Size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories of microbial travel based on time and distance?

    <p>Microscale, mesoscale, macroscale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components found in the atmosphere?

    <p>Water droplets, dust particles, microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is not involved in the transportation of bioaerosols in the atmosphere?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the reasons why clouds are not conducive to microbial life?

    <p>Freezing temperatures, desiccation, extreme radiation, acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria participate in bioprecipitation, producing rain or snow?

    <p>Pseudomonas syringae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which airborne pathogens can resist environmental stresses as spore-formers?

    <p>Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the limitations of passive air monitoring methods like settle plates?

    <p>Limited by the number of microorganisms captured, vulnerable to contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do active air monitoring methods use to provide quantitative analysis of airborne microorganisms?

    <p>Microbiological air samplers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence microbial growth and activity in soil?

    <p>Light, moisture, soil temperature, pH, texture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fixation threads in the actinorhizal symbiosis?

    <p>To retain bacteria within modified infection threads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes terminally differentiated bacteroids from non-terminally differentiated bacteroids?

    <p>Greatly enlarged and pleomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In actinorhizal symbiosis, which bacterial species interact with the host plant to produce fibrous root nodules?

    <p>Frankia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Azorhizobium caulinodans in the context of stem associations in aquatic legume species?

    <p>Producing N-fixing nodules on submerged stems or on stems at air-water interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is known for producing Fe-chelating siderophores to support plant growth?

    <p>PGPR pseudomonas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area of the leaf where various forms of life may be found called?

    <p>Phyllosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium can turn water into an ice crystal and has caused plant damage by freezing them?

    <p>Pseudomonas syringae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of producing rain or snow by microorganisms?

    <p>Bioprecipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is known for stimulating phosphorus uptake from organophosphate compounds by Pinus caribea?

    <p>Bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PGPR pseudomonas in relation to mycorrhizae formation?

    <p>Stimulating mycorrhizae formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of microbes to plants mentioned in the text?

    <p>Decreases water costs and protects plants from drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between plants and bacteria in the commensalism interaction mentioned in the text?

    <p>Plants release exudates that benefit bacterial and fungal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microbial community in the symbiotic interaction with plants?

    <p>Remove iron and reduce toxicity, metabolize iron for plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of plants limiting microbial penetration by their thick cell wall?

    <p>Protects plants from invasion of bacteria and fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of Pine seedlings having a fungal network attached to roots, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Tap deeper into the soil layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of plants producing a carbon source to the microbial community in the fungus-root system interaction?

    <p>Fosters mutualistic relationship with the microbial community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of plants in the plant-microbe systems mentioned in the text?

    <p>Provide a carbon source to the microbial community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of plants growing better when microbes are added compared to those without microbes?

    <p>Increased plant ability for nutrient uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of beneficial microbes on the environment and food, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Maintains the health of garden without polluting the environment or food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of microbes on plant health, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Some microbes are beneficial to plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of green manure, such as leguminous plants, in agriculture?

    <p>Enhancing nitrogen fixation and providing organic nutrient sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cuo-like glands produced by Angiosperm Gunnera?

    <p>Housing cyanobacteria and stimulating their growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Rhizodeposition in plant biology?

    <p>Releasing organic acids and mucilage from plant roots to enhance mineral solubilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mycorrhizal fungi is more common in plant associations?

    <p>Endomycorrhizae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mycorrhizal fungi for orchid seedlings?

    <p>They are essential for orchid seedlings lacking chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant family is non-mycorrhizal according to the provided information?

    <p>Brassicaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the benefits of mycorrhizal fungi for plants?

    <p>Faster plant establishment, increased nutrient efficiency, and improved water absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of liverwort Blasia pusilla L. in relation to Nostoc?

    <p>Forming symbiotic cavities housing Nostoc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Azolla in rice fields?

    <p>Enriching nitrogen levels through a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Gymnosperm Zamia pseudoparasitica's interaction with cyanobacteria?

    <p>It grows at nearly 10m above ground level and interacts with cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microbe-microbe interaction involves the growth of one microorganism being improved by another?

    <p>Synergism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of interaction are both species benefited, but the interaction is not necessary for their survival?

    <p>Protocooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction involves one microorganism benefiting while the other is neither harmed nor helped?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interaction involves no interaction and the species are not affected despite growing in close proximity?

    <p>Neutralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of interaction are both species harmed as they compete for limiting nutrients?

    <p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interaction involves the growth of one microorganism being negatively impacted by the products of another?

    <p>Amensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interaction is characterized by one microorganism benefiting at the expense of the host being compromised?

    <p>Parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microbial interaction involves one species benefiting from another without harming or helping the host?

    <p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle states that two species cannot inhabit the same niche?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microbial interaction involves bacteria growing inside hosts?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lactobacilli exhibit through competitive exclusion?

    <p>Depleting essential trace elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microbial interaction involves one species obtaining nutrients from another for cell growth?

    <p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microbial interaction occurs among the same species, leading to the classification of 'specialist' or 'generalist' microbes based on their nutritional capabilities?

    <p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteriophages contribute to the diversity of bacterial populations?

    <p>By 'killing the winning population' and through lysogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microbial interaction involves destruction or inhibition of one species by another?

    <p>Antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism can be controlled by bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus plantarum?

    <p>Listeria monocytogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of extracellular lytic enzymes produced by bacterial isolates?

    <p>To control bacterial pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of synthrophism?

    <p>It is an obligate mutualistic metabolism between microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) predict?

    <p>The direction of chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can antibiotics produced by fungi do?

    <p>Inhibit the growth of other microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of iron reduction in an anaerobic environment fueled by?

    <p>Hydrogen from fermentation and hydrolysis products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Chlorochromatium aggregatum in the phototrophic consortium?

    <p>Transferring organic compounds to the central bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rhizines in lichens?

    <p>Anchoring the lichen to their substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Hatena Arenicola's endosymbiont, Nephroselmis?

    <p>Becoming an endosymbiotic chloroplast that replaces the feeding apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Chlorella in the symbiosis with protozoa and bacteria?

    <p>Providing food for protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cyanobacteria in the intracellular association with diatoms?

    <p>Fixing nitrogen for diatoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Pyrococcus furiosus in the co-culture with Mathanopyris kandleri?

    <p>Fermenting organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the green sulfur bacteria in the phototrophic consortium?

    <p>Transferring organic compounds to the central bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Betaproteobacteria in the phototrophic consortium?

    <p>Providing the consortium with taxis to light and sulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the rod-shaped central bacterium in Chlorochromatium aggregatum?

    <p>Receiving organic compounds from the green sulfur bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbial Transport and Monitoring in the Atmosphere and Soil

    • Bioaerosols' transportation and suspension in the air is influenced by their size, with larger bioaerosols covering less distance and time compared to smaller ones.
    • Microbial travel categories include microscale (hours, meters to 1km), mesoscale (days), and macroscale (months, miles/hectares).
    • The atmosphere contains water droplets, dust particles, and microorganisms, but it is not a conducive environment for microbes, which are usually not permanent residents.
    • Bioaerosols can be transported through deposition, gravitational pull, molecular diffusion, and surface impaction in the atmosphere.
    • Clouds can contain a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds, but they are not conducive to microbial life due to freezing temperatures, desiccation, extreme radiation, and acidity.
    • Rain-making bacteria participate in bioprecipitation, producing rain or snow, with examples including Pseudomonas syringae and its ice nucleation protein Z.
    • Airborne pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium botulinum can resist environmental stresses as spore-formers and are used as biological weapons.
    • Passive air monitoring methods, like settle plates, rely on gravity for deposition and qualitative analysis, but they have limitations in quantitative analysis and vulnerability to contamination.
    • Active air monitoring methods use microbiological air samplers and can provide quantitative analysis of airborne microorganisms.
    • Soil contains a diverse microbial population, with bacteria, actinomycetes, and protozoa dominating tilled soils, while fungal and nematode populations dominate untilled soils.
    • Soil stresses, including biotic and abiotic factors, affect microbial populations, with light, moisture, soil temperature, pH, and texture influencing microbial growth and activity.
    • Soil redox potential impacts microbial growth, with different types of electron terminal acceptors influencing the population and activity of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.

    Symbiotic Relationships in Plant Biology

    • Azolla is used as green manure to enrich nitrogen levels in rice fields through a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria.
    • Green manure, such as leguminous plants, is used for organic nutrient sources and soil conservation due to their ability in nitrogen fixation.
    • Gymnosperm Zamia pseudoparasitica grows at nearly 10m above ground level and interacts with cyanobacteria.
    • Angiosperm Gunnera produces cuo-like glands that house cyanobacteria and stimulate their growth.
    • Liverwort Blasia pusilla L. forms symbiotic cavities housing Nostoc.
    • Moss leaves have interactions with cyanobacteria cells.
    • Rhizosphere is the soil and biological agents present within a few mm from the root system, with specific cultivar gene content selecting for specific bacteria and fungi.
    • Rhizodeposition involves the release of organic acids and mucilage from plant roots, resulting in an acidic rhizosphere pH that enhances mineral solubilization.
    • Mycorrhizal fungi form stable relationships with plants, with endomycorrhizae being far more common and ectomycorrhizae mainly pairing with conifers and American hardwoods.
    • Orchid mycorrhizae involve fungi living as saprotrophs in the soil and are essential for orchid seedlings lacking chlorophyll.
    • Brassica family is non-mycorrhizal, while Ericaceae and Orchids have species of mycorrhizal fungi.
    • Mycorrhizal fungi support faster plant establishment, increase nutrient efficiency, and improve water absorption for plants.

    Microbial Interactions and Metabolism

    • Induction can lead to a lytic cycle in which the genome is expelled to the host, replicates, and forms daughter cells, ultimately killing the host cell.
    • Predatory bacteria, such as Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALO), target other microorganisms for survival and can grow as epibiotic, periplasmic, or cytoplasmic.
    • The life cycle of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus involves an attach phase, host modification, bdelloplast formation, feeding, and cell division.
    • Myxobacteria form fruiting bodies, aggregate by gliding motility, and engage in wolfpack feeding to collectively digest prey.
    • Antagonism and amensalism are ecological interactions between species, involving destruction or inhibition of one species by another.
    • Antibiotics, produced by organisms like fungi, can inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, but bacteria and fungi have developed mechanisms of resistance.
    • Bacteriocins, produced by bacteria, inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains and can be used in food preservation.
    • Listeria monocytogenes, a psychrophile, can be controlled by bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus plantarum, offering an alternative to antibiotics.
    • Extracellular enzymes, such as lytic enzymes, can be produced by bacterial isolates to control fungal pathogens in biological tests.
    • Synthrophism is an obligate mutualistic metabolism between microorganisms, characterized by interspecies hydrogen transfer in an anaerobic environment.
    • Iron reduction can use hydrogen from fermentation and hydrolysis products as a substrate in an anaerobic environment.
    • Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) predicts the direction of chemical reactions and can be used to measure the maximum work done in a thermodynamic system, enabling microbial communities to survive with minimal energy resources.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of microbial transport and monitoring in the atmosphere and soil with this quiz. Explore topics such as bioaerosol transportation, microbial travel categories, airborne pathogens, rain-making bacteria, air monitoring methods, and the impact of soil stresses on microbial populations.

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