Microbial Transport and Monitoring Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of bacteria are found in surface soil due to higher nutrient content?

K-selected/oligotrophs

Fungi

R-selected/copiotrophs (correct)

Actinomycetes

What is used to identify unidentified microorganisms in molecular studies?

Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (correct)

Bacteriophages

Humus

Viable but nonculturable (VBNC)

What do actinomycetes produce?

Viable but difficult to culture (VBDC) microbes

Novel secondary metabolites and antibiotics (correct)

Fecal coliforms

Humus

What do fungi play a crucial role in?

Nutrient cycling and decomposition Signup and view all the answers

What are common contaminants in water microbiology studies?

Fecal coliforms and viruses Signup and view all the answers

What do water microbiomes participate in?

Nutrient cycling Signup and view all the answers

Which marine microbe is the most abundant and impactful on carbon and nutrient flow?

Viruses Signup and view all the answers

What do subsurface soil microorganisms have fewer of due to lower nutrient content?

Cultureable microbes Signup and view all the answers

What do soil microorganisms do in addition to breaking down organic matter?

Cycle nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What role do protozoa play in the ecosystem?

Preying on bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of fine particles in the category of bioaerosols?

0.01µm to 0.1 µm Signup and view all the answers

What can affect the survival of microbes in the air?

Relative humidity, temperature, and radiation Signup and view all the answers

Where do the microorganisms found in the air usually originate from?

Soil, aquatic ecosystem, or human sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of living microbes suspended in the air called?

Aerobiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of coarse mode particles in the category of bioaerosols?

1.0µm to 100µm Signup and view all the answers

What are bioaerosols?

Microbes suspended in the air Signup and view all the answers

How can high temperature affect the survival of microbes in the air?

High temperature can cause desiccation and protein denaturation Signup and view all the answers

What can be a transport medium for microorganisms in the air?

Wind and precipitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the presence and behavior of microorganisms in the atmosphere?

Aeromicrobiology Signup and view all the answers

What can affect the survival of microbes in the air in terms of radiation?

DNA mutation and ROS Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the transportation and suspension of bioaerosols in the air?

Size Signup and view all the answers

What are the categories of microbial travel based on time and distance?

Microscale, mesoscale, macroscale Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components found in the atmosphere?

Water droplets, dust particles, microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Which process is not involved in the transportation of bioaerosols in the atmosphere?

Oxidation Signup and view all the answers

What are the reasons why clouds are not conducive to microbial life?

Freezing temperatures, desiccation, extreme radiation, acidity Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria participate in bioprecipitation, producing rain or snow?

Pseudomonas syringae Signup and view all the answers

Which airborne pathogens can resist environmental stresses as spore-formers?

Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations of passive air monitoring methods like settle plates?

Limited by the number of microorganisms captured, vulnerable to contamination Signup and view all the answers

What do active air monitoring methods use to provide quantitative analysis of airborne microorganisms?

Microbiological air samplers Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence microbial growth and activity in soil?

Light, moisture, soil temperature, pH, texture Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fixation threads in the actinorhizal symbiosis?

To retain bacteria within modified infection threads Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes terminally differentiated bacteroids from non-terminally differentiated bacteroids?

Greatly enlarged and pleomorphic Signup and view all the answers

In actinorhizal symbiosis, which bacterial species interact with the host plant to produce fibrous root nodules?

Frankia Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Azorhizobium caulinodans in the context of stem associations in aquatic legume species?

Producing N-fixing nodules on submerged stems or on stems at air-water interface Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial species is known for producing Fe-chelating siderophores to support plant growth?

PGPR pseudomonas Signup and view all the answers

What is the area of the leaf where various forms of life may be found called?

Phyllosphere Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium can turn water into an ice crystal and has caused plant damage by freezing them?

Pseudomonas syringae Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of producing rain or snow by microorganisms?

Bioprecipitation Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial species is known for stimulating phosphorus uptake from organophosphate compounds by Pinus caribea?

Bacillus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of PGPR pseudomonas in relation to mycorrhizae formation?

Stimulating mycorrhizae formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of microbes to plants mentioned in the text?

Decreases water costs and protects plants from drought Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between plants and bacteria in the commensalism interaction mentioned in the text?

Plants release exudates that benefit bacterial and fungal growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of microbial community in the symbiotic interaction with plants?

Remove iron and reduce toxicity, metabolize iron for plant growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of plants limiting microbial penetration by their thick cell wall?

Protects plants from invasion of bacteria and fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of Pine seedlings having a fungal network attached to roots, as mentioned in the text?

Tap deeper into the soil layers Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of plants producing a carbon source to the microbial community in the fungus-root system interaction?

Fosters mutualistic relationship with the microbial community Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of plants in the plant-microbe systems mentioned in the text?

Provide a carbon source to the microbial community Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of plants growing better when microbes are added compared to those without microbes?

Increased plant ability for nutrient uptake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of beneficial microbes on the environment and food, as mentioned in the text?

Maintains the health of garden without polluting the environment or food Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of microbes on plant health, as discussed in the text?

Some microbes are beneficial to plants Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of green manure, such as leguminous plants, in agriculture?

Enhancing nitrogen fixation and providing organic nutrient sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cuo-like glands produced by Angiosperm Gunnera?

Housing cyanobacteria and stimulating their growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Rhizodeposition in plant biology?

Releasing organic acids and mucilage from plant roots to enhance mineral solubilization Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mycorrhizal fungi is more common in plant associations?

Endomycorrhizae Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of mycorrhizal fungi for orchid seedlings?

They are essential for orchid seedlings lacking chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

Which plant family is non-mycorrhizal according to the provided information?

Brassicaceae Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of mycorrhizal fungi for plants?

Faster plant establishment, increased nutrient efficiency, and improved water absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of liverwort Blasia pusilla L. in relation to Nostoc?

Forming symbiotic cavities housing Nostoc Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Azolla in rice fields?

Enriching nitrogen levels through a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Gymnosperm Zamia pseudoparasitica's interaction with cyanobacteria?

It grows at nearly 10m above ground level and interacts with cyanobacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microbe-microbe interaction involves the growth of one microorganism being improved by another?

Synergism Signup and view all the answers

In which type of interaction are both species benefited, but the interaction is not necessary for their survival?

Protocooperation Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction involves one microorganism benefiting while the other is neither harmed nor helped?

Commensalism Signup and view all the answers

Which interaction involves no interaction and the species are not affected despite growing in close proximity?

Neutralism Signup and view all the answers

In which type of interaction are both species harmed as they compete for limiting nutrients?

Competition Signup and view all the answers

Which interaction involves the growth of one microorganism being negatively impacted by the products of another?

Amensalism Signup and view all the answers

Which type of interaction is characterized by one microorganism benefiting at the expense of the host being compromised?

Parasitism Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microbial interaction involves one species benefiting from another without harming or helping the host?

Competition Signup and view all the answers

What principle states that two species cannot inhabit the same niche?

Commensalism Signup and view all the answers

Which microbial interaction involves bacteria growing inside hosts?

Commensalism Signup and view all the answers

What do lactobacilli exhibit through competitive exclusion?

Depleting essential trace elements Signup and view all the answers

What type of microbial interaction involves one species obtaining nutrients from another for cell growth?

Competition Signup and view all the answers

What type of microbial interaction occurs among the same species, leading to the classification of 'specialist' or 'generalist' microbes based on their nutritional capabilities?

Competition Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteriophages contribute to the diversity of bacterial populations?

By 'killing the winning population' and through lysogeny Signup and view all the answers

Which microbial interaction involves destruction or inhibition of one species by another?

Antagonism Signup and view all the answers

Which organism can be controlled by bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus plantarum?

Listeria monocytogenes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of extracellular lytic enzymes produced by bacterial isolates?

To control bacterial pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of synthrophism?

It is an obligate mutualistic metabolism between microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What does Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) predict?

The direction of chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What can antibiotics produced by fungi do?

Inhibit the growth of other microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of iron reduction in an anaerobic environment fueled by?

Hydrogen from fermentation and hydrolysis products Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Chlorochromatium aggregatum in the phototrophic consortium?

Transferring organic compounds to the central bacterium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rhizines in lichens?

Anchoring the lichen to their substrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Hatena Arenicola's endosymbiont, Nephroselmis?

Becoming an endosymbiotic chloroplast that replaces the feeding apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Chlorella in the symbiosis with protozoa and bacteria?

Providing food for protozoa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cyanobacteria in the intracellular association with diatoms?

Fixing nitrogen for diatoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Pyrococcus furiosus in the co-culture with Mathanopyris kandleri?

Fermenting organic compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the green sulfur bacteria in the phototrophic consortium?

Transferring organic compounds to the central bacterium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Betaproteobacteria in the phototrophic consortium?

Providing the consortium with taxis to light and sulfide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the rod-shaped central bacterium in Chlorochromatium aggregatum?

Receiving organic compounds from the green sulfur bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbial Transport and Monitoring in the Atmosphere and Soil

Bioaerosols' transportation and suspension in the air is influenced by their size, with larger bioaerosols covering less distance and time compared to smaller ones.
Microbial travel categories include microscale (hours, meters to 1km), mesoscale (days), and macroscale (months, miles/hectares).
The atmosphere contains water droplets, dust particles, and microorganisms, but it is not a conducive environment for microbes, which are usually not permanent residents.
Bioaerosols can be transported through deposition, gravitational pull, molecular diffusion, and surface impaction in the atmosphere.
Clouds can contain a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds, but they are not conducive to microbial life due to freezing temperatures, desiccation, extreme radiation, and acidity.
Rain-making bacteria participate in bioprecipitation, producing rain or snow, with examples including Pseudomonas syringae and its ice nucleation protein Z.
Airborne pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium botulinum can resist environmental stresses as spore-formers and are used as biological weapons.
Passive air monitoring methods, like settle plates, rely on gravity for deposition and qualitative analysis, but they have limitations in quantitative analysis and vulnerability to contamination.
Active air monitoring methods use microbiological air samplers and can provide quantitative analysis of airborne microorganisms.
Soil contains a diverse microbial population, with bacteria, actinomycetes, and protozoa dominating tilled soils, while fungal and nematode populations dominate untilled soils.
Soil stresses, including biotic and abiotic factors, affect microbial populations, with light, moisture, soil temperature, pH, and texture influencing microbial growth and activity.
Soil redox potential impacts microbial growth, with different types of electron terminal acceptors influencing the population and activity of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.

Symbiotic Relationships in Plant Biology

Azolla is used as green manure to enrich nitrogen levels in rice fields through a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria.
Green manure, such as leguminous plants, is used for organic nutrient sources and soil conservation due to their ability in nitrogen fixation.
Gymnosperm Zamia pseudoparasitica grows at nearly 10m above ground level and interacts with cyanobacteria.
Angiosperm Gunnera produces cuo-like glands that house cyanobacteria and stimulate their growth.
Liverwort Blasia pusilla L. forms symbiotic cavities housing Nostoc.
Moss leaves have interactions with cyanobacteria cells.
Rhizosphere is the soil and biological agents present within a few mm from the root system, with specific cultivar gene content selecting for specific bacteria and fungi.
Rhizodeposition involves the release of organic acids and mucilage from plant roots, resulting in an acidic rhizosphere pH that enhances mineral solubilization.
Mycorrhizal fungi form stable relationships with plants, with endomycorrhizae being far more common and ectomycorrhizae mainly pairing with conifers and American hardwoods.
Orchid mycorrhizae involve fungi living as saprotrophs in the soil and are essential for orchid seedlings lacking chlorophyll.
Brassica family is non-mycorrhizal, while Ericaceae and Orchids have species of mycorrhizal fungi.
Mycorrhizal fungi support faster plant establishment, increase nutrient efficiency, and improve water absorption for plants.

Microbial Interactions and Metabolism

Induction can lead to a lytic cycle in which the genome is expelled to the host, replicates, and forms daughter cells, ultimately killing the host cell.
Predatory bacteria, such as Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALO), target other microorganisms for survival and can grow as epibiotic, periplasmic, or cytoplasmic.
The life cycle of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus involves an attach phase, host modification, bdelloplast formation, feeding, and cell division.
Myxobacteria form fruiting bodies, aggregate by gliding motility, and engage in wolfpack feeding to collectively digest prey.
Antagonism and amensalism are ecological interactions between species, involving destruction or inhibition of one species by another.
Antibiotics, produced by organisms like fungi, can inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, but bacteria and fungi have developed mechanisms of resistance.
Bacteriocins, produced by bacteria, inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains and can be used in food preservation.
Listeria monocytogenes, a psychrophile, can be controlled by bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus plantarum, offering an alternative to antibiotics.
Extracellular enzymes, such as lytic enzymes, can be produced by bacterial isolates to control fungal pathogens in biological tests.
Synthrophism is an obligate mutualistic metabolism between microorganisms, characterized by interspecies hydrogen transfer in an anaerobic environment.
Iron reduction can use hydrogen from fermentation and hydrolysis products as a substrate in an anaerobic environment.
Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) predicts the direction of chemical reactions and can be used to measure the maximum work done in a thermodynamic system, enabling microbial communities to survive with minimal energy resources.

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Description

Test your knowledge of microbial transport and monitoring in the atmosphere and soil with this quiz. Explore topics such as bioaerosol transportation, microbial travel categories, airborne pathogens, rain-making bacteria, air monitoring methods, and the impact of soil stresses on microbial populations.