Microbial Nutrition and Classification

A closed system where all ingredients are added at the beginning, and nothing is added during the process except for essential elements like oxygen, anti-foam agents, or pH control substances.

An open system where fresh nutrients are continuously added, and the same amount of fermented product is simultaneously removed, maintaining a constant environment.

A state where all bacterial cells in a population are at the same stage of their cell division cycle, behaving identically.

A culture where cells are in a synchronous growth state, meaning all cells are at the same stage of division.

Methods used to achieve synchronous growth in a culture, including manipulating environmental conditions like temperature or adding nutrients, or physically separating cells by centrifugation or filtration.

Essential elements required in large quantities by microorganisms for growth and essential cell functions.

Elements needed in trace amounts by microorganisms for various metabolic processes.

Organic compounds, like vitamins, amino acids, or nucleic acid components, that microbes cannot synthesize themselves and require for growth.

Organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide for building organic compounds.

Organisms that obtain carbon from pre-existing organic molecules like sugars or proteins.

Organisms that use light energy to power their metabolic processes.

Organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of chemical compounds, like sugars or inorganic compounds.

Organisms that can switch between using light and chemical energy as their source of energy.

Organisms that obtain electrons from inorganic molecules.

Organisms that obtain electrons from organic molecules.

The uptake of nutrients by a cell.

The movement of a cell towards or away from a chemical substance.

Enzymes secreted by microorganisms to break down complex molecules outside the cell.

The movement of molecules across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration, without energy.

The movement of molecules across a membrane using protein carriers, without energy.

The movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

A substance that provides nutrients for microbial growth in a laboratory setting.

Culture media containing nutrient broth or agar, enriched with blood or plant extract to support the growth of heterotrophic microorganisms.

Culture media that promote the growth of specific microorganisms while inhibiting the growth of others.

Culture media that allow for the differentiation of different microbial species.

Culture media used to measure the amount of vitamins, amino acids, or antibiotics produced by microorganisms.

Culture media designed to estimate the number of bacteria in a sample.