Microbial Metabolism: Catabolism & Anabolism
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of metabolism in a cell?

  • To transport waste out of the cell
  • To build up and break down nutrients (correct)
  • To protect the cell from external threats
  • To maintain the cell's structure

Which of the following describes catabolism?

  • Breaking down complex molecules (correct)
  • Transporting molecules
  • Duplicating cell structures
  • Building complex molecules

Anabolic reactions are:

  • Endergonic (correct)
  • Isotonic
  • Anergonic
  • Exergonic

What determines metabolic pathways?

<p>Enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What encodes enzymes?

<p>Genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is activation energy?

<p>The energy required for a chemical reaction to occur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do enzymes do to the activation energy of a reaction?

<p>Decrease it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a catalyst?

<p>Speed up chemical reactions without being altered (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when a substrate contacts an enzyme's active site?

<p>Enzyme-Substrate Complex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the enzyme after it reacts with a substrate?

<p>It remains unchanged and can react with other substrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the turnover number of an enzyme represent?

<p>The number of substrate molecules converted to a product per second (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzyme names typically end in which suffix?

<p>Ase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction does an oxidoreductase catalyze?

<p>Oxidation-reduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for transferring functional groups?

<p>Transferase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor does NOT influence enzyme activity?

<p>Light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an enzyme at high temperatures?

<p>It denatures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of extreme pH levels on enzymes?

<p>They denature proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an enzyme's activity when the substrate concentration is very high?

<p>The enzyme catalyzes at its maximum rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the rate of reaction as substrate concentration increases, up to a certain point?

<p>The rate of reaction increases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do competitive inhibitors do?

<p>Fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do noncompetitive inhibitors interact with an enzyme?

<p>Another part of the enzyme (allosteric site). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of noncompetitive inhibition also known as?

<p>Allosteric inhibition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In feedback inhibition, what inhibits enzymes from earlier in the pathway?

<p>The end-product of a reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is a ribozyme made of?

<p>RNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribozymes?

<p>Cutting and splicing RNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What site on the enzyme does a competitive inhibitor bind to?

<p>Active site. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What eventually happens to the rate of reaction when the active sites of all enzyme molecules are filled?

<p>Reaction rate reaches its maximum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the allosteric site?

<p>A separate site on an enzyme where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between catabolic and anabolic reactions in metabolism?

<p>Catabolic reactions break down molecules to provide energy and building blocks for anabolic reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes within metabolic pathways?

<p>To catalyze the different chemical reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the collision theory, what is required for a chemical reaction to occur?

<p>Atoms, ions, or molecules must collide with each other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do enzymes affect the rate of chemical reactions?

<p>Enzymes speed up reactions without being altered themselves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur?

<p>Activation energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of a catalyst on a chemical reaction?

<p>The catalyst speeds up the chemical reaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the specific sequence of a metabolic pathway?

<p>Specific enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the substrate concentration increases and the active sites on all enzyme molecules are filled?

<p>The rate of reaction reaches its maximum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do competitive inhibitors compete with for binding?

<p>The substrate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where on the enzyme does a noncompetitive inhibitor typically bind?

<p>The allosteric site. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of feedback inhibition?

<p>The end-product inhibits enzymes from earlier in the pathway. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is a ribozyme?

<p>RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when a substrate binds to an enzyme?

<p>Enzyme-substrate complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction?

<p>It remains unchanged and can react with other substrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the turnover number of an enzyme indicate?

<p>The number of substrate molecules converted to product per second (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences enzyme activity?

<p>Air pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to enzymes at high temperatures?

<p>They denature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saturation occurs when:

<p>Substrate concentration is very high (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metabolism

The buildup and breakdown of nutrients in a cell, providing energy.

Catabolism

The process that breaks down complex molecules to provide energy and building blocks.

Anabolism

The process that builds complex molecules using energy and building blocks.

Metabolic Pathways

Sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell.

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Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

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Activation Energy

The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

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Collision Theory

States that reactions occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide.

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Exergonic Reactions

Chemical reactions that release energy, often associated with catabolism.

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Endergonic Reactions

Chemical reactions that consume energy, typically linked to anabolism.

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Substrate

A specific substance on which an enzyme acts.

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Enzyme-Substrate Complex

The temporary molecule formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.

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Turnover Number

The number of substrate molecules converted to product by an enzyme per second.

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Enzyme Specificity

The ability of an enzyme to choose exact substrates.

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Denaturation

Process where high temperature or extreme pH causes enzyme to lose its shape and function.

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Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors influence enzyme performance.

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Naming Enzymes

Enzymes are usually named with the suffix -ase and categorized by the reactions they catalyze.

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Oxidoreductase

An enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions.

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Hydrolase

An enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis reactions.

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Enzyme Saturation

Occurs when substrate concentration is high enough for enzymes to work at maximum rate.

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Inhibitors

Substances that decrease enzyme activity by binding to them.

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Substrate Concentration

The amount of substrate affecting the rate of enzymatic reaction.

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Maximum Reaction Rate

The peak speed of a reaction when all enzyme active sites are occupied.

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Competitive Inhibitors

Molecules that fill the enzyme's active site, blocking substrate access.

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Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Molecules that bind to an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's shape.

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Allosteric Inhibition

Inhibition occurring when an inhibitor binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme.

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Feedback Inhibition

Process where the end product of a reaction inhibits an enzyme from earlier in the pathway.

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Ribozymes

RNA molecules that act as catalysts to cut and splice RNA.

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Active Site

The specific region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind.

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Allosteric Site

A site on an enzyme other than the active site where molecules can bind.

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Enzyme Activity

The rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction.

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Catabolic Reactions

Processes that break down complex molecules to release energy and provide building blocks for anabolic reactions.

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Anabolic Reactions

Processes that consume energy to build complex molecules from smaller units.

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Enzymatic Catalysis

The process by which enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy without being consumed.

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Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors that affect how enzymes work.

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Study Notes

Microbial Metabolism

  • Metabolism is the buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell.
  • Chemical reactions provide energy and create substances that sustain life.
  • Microbial metabolism can cause disease and food spoilage, but many pathways are beneficial.
  • Drugs, such as antibiotics, and other treatments are derived from microbial metabolism.

Dental Plaque

  • Dental plaque consists of bacteria.

Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions

  • Catabolism breaks down complex molecules, provides energy and building blocks for anabolism; exergonic.
  • Anabolism uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules; endergonic.
  • Catabolic and anabolic pathways are linked by energy; catabolic reactions provide energy needed for anabolic reactions.
  • ATP is used by microbes and other cells to manage energy needs. Catabolic reactions couple with ATP synthesis. Anabolic reactions couple with ATP breakdown.
  • Metabolic pathways are sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell.
  • Metabolic pathways are determined by enzymes.
  • Enzymes are encoded by genes.

Collision Theory

  • Chemical reactions occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide.
  • Activation energy is the collision energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.
  • Reaction rate is the frequency of collisions containing enough energy to bring about a reaction.
  • Reaction rate can be increased by enzymes or by increasing temperature, pressure, or concentration.

Enzymes and Chemical Reactions

  • Catalysts speed up chemical reactions without being altered.
  • Enzymes are biological catalysts.
  • Enzymes act on a specific substrate and lower the activation energy.
  • Substrate contacts the enzyme's active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex.
  • Substrate is transformed and rearranged into products, which are released from the enzyme.
  • Enzyme is unchanged and can react with other substrates.

Enzyme Specificity and Efficiency

  • Enzymes have specificity for particular substrates.
  • Turnover number is the number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second.
  • Generally, it is 1 to 10,000.

Naming Enzymes

  • Names of enzymes usually end in -ase; grouped based on the reaction they catalyze.
  • Oxidoreductase: oxidation-reduction reactions.
  • Transferase: transfer functional groups.
  • Hydrolase: hydrolysis.
  • Lyase: removal of atoms without hydrolysis.
  • Isomerase: rearrangement of atoms.
  • Ligase: joining of molecules; uses ATP.

Holoenzyme

  • An apoenzyme, the inactive protein portion, combined with a cofactor (nonprotein portion) or coenzyme creates a holoenzyme, the active form.

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

  • Temperature: high temperatures denature proteins
  • pH: extreme pH denatures proteins
  • Substrate concentration: high substrate concentrations lead to maximum reaction rates, saturation.
  • Inhibitors: (see inhibitors section)

Inhibitors

  • Competitive inhibitors fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate (examples include sulfanilamide and PABA).
  • Noncompetitive inhibitors interact with another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) rather than the active site in a process called allosteric inhibition.

Feedback Inhibition

  • End-product of a reaction allosterically inhibits enzymes from earlier in the pathway.

Ribozymes

  • RNA that function as catalysts by cutting and splicing RNA.

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Related Documents

Microbiology An Introduction Chapter 5 PDF

Description

Microbial metabolism involves the buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell. Catabolism breaks down complex molecules and provides energy. Anabolism uses energy to build complex molecules. ATP is used to manage energy needs.

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