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Questions and Answers
What is the removal of electrons called?
What is the removal of electrons called?
- Phosphorylation
- Oxidation (correct)
- Decarboxylation
- Reduction
What is the gain of electrons called?
What is the gain of electrons called?
- Glycolysis
- Dehydrogenation
- Reduction (correct)
- Oxidation
What is a redox reaction?
What is a redox reaction?
- A reaction that produces ATP
- A reaction involving water
- A reaction that breaks down carbohydrates
- An oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction (correct)
In biological systems, the removal of electrons and protons at the same time is equivalent to the removal of what?
In biological systems, the removal of electrons and protons at the same time is equivalent to the removal of what?
What is the function of metabolic pathways of energy production?
What is the function of metabolic pathways of energy production?
Which of the following is NOT a stage of carbohydrate catabolism?
Which of the following is NOT a stage of carbohydrate catabolism?
What process does glycolysis use to break down glucose?
What process does glycolysis use to break down glucose?
In aerobic respiration, what is oxidized in the Krebs cycle?
In aerobic respiration, what is oxidized in the Krebs cycle?
Which of the following is the primary substance used to reduce CO2 in eukaryotes during photosynthesis?
Which of the following is the primary substance used to reduce CO2 in eukaryotes during photosynthesis?
What type of photosynthesis is carried out by green bacteria?
What type of photosynthesis is carried out by green bacteria?
Where does photosynthesis occur in cyanobacteria?
Where does photosynthesis occur in cyanobacteria?
Which nutritional type uses light as an energy source and organic compounds as a carbon source?
Which nutritional type uses light as an energy source and organic compounds as a carbon source?
Which of the following organisms is an example of a chemoautotroph?
Which of the following organisms is an example of a chemoautotroph?
In the electron transport chain, each NADH molecule can be oxidized to produce how many ATP molecules?
In the electron transport chain, each NADH molecule can be oxidized to produce how many ATP molecules?
In the electron transport chain, how many ATP molecules can each FADH2 produce?
In the electron transport chain, how many ATP molecules can each FADH2 produce?
What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
Which process yields less energy: aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration?
Which process yields less energy: aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fermentation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fermentation?
What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?
What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?
Which type of fermentation produces only lactic acid?
Which type of fermentation produces only lactic acid?
In lactic acid fermentation, what is glucose oxidized to?
In lactic acid fermentation, what is glucose oxidized to?
What products are produced during alcohol fermentation?
What products are produced during alcohol fermentation?
In alcohol fermentation, what is pyruvic acid converted to?
In alcohol fermentation, what is pyruvic acid converted to?
What process do bacteria use to catabolize carbohydrate or protein in a fermentation test?
What process do bacteria use to catabolize carbohydrate or protein in a fermentation test?
What does the oxidase test identify in bacteria?
What does the oxidase test identify in bacteria?
What is light energy converted into during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
What is light energy converted into during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
What two products of the light-dependent reactions are used to reduce $CO_2$ to sugar in the Calvin-Benson cycle?
What two products of the light-dependent reactions are used to reduce $CO_2$ to sugar in the Calvin-Benson cycle?
In oxygenic photosynthesis, what gas is produced?
In oxygenic photosynthesis, what gas is produced?
What type of organism uses light energy?
What type of organism uses light energy?
What do photoautotrophs use as an energy source in the Calvin-Benson cycle?
What do photoautotrophs use as an energy source in the Calvin-Benson cycle?
Which process precedes the Krebs cycle in protein catabolism?
Which process precedes the Krebs cycle in protein catabolism?
What is the initial step in protein catabolism?
What is the initial step in protein catabolism?
What is produced in anoxygenic photosynthesis?
What is produced in anoxygenic photosynthesis?
Which microorganism is used in the production of beer and wine?
Which microorganism is used in the production of beer and wine?
What is the starting material for vinegar production?
What is the starting material for vinegar production?
Which of the following is created using Lactobacillus and Streptococcus?
Which of the following is created using Lactobacillus and Streptococcus?
What are the end-products in the making of Swiss cheese?
What are the end-products in the making of Swiss cheese?
Which of the end products below are used in pharmaceutical and industrial applications?
Which of the end products below are used in pharmaceutical and industrial applications?
What microorganism is used to create vitamin C?
What microorganism is used to create vitamin C?
What material is fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum to produce sauerkraut?
What material is fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum to produce sauerkraut?
What is the role of Methanosarcina?
What is the role of Methanosarcina?
Which of the following uses lactic acid as a starting material?
Which of the following uses lactic acid as a starting material?
Which of the following microorganisms is a fungus?
Which of the following microorganisms is a fungus?
What structure within eukaryotes is the site of photosynthesis?
What structure within eukaryotes is the site of photosynthesis?
What type of chlorophyll is present in green bacteria?
What type of chlorophyll is present in green bacteria?
What substance reduces $CO_2$ in green bacteria?
What substance reduces $CO_2$ in green bacteria?
Which of the following is an example of a photoheterotroph?
Which of the following is an example of a photoheterotroph?
In what environment do purple bacteria carry out photosynthesis?
In what environment do purple bacteria carry out photosynthesis?
Which microorganism is used in beer production?
Which microorganism is used in beer production?
What is the starting material for the production of yogurt?
What is the starting material for the production of yogurt?
Which of the following end-products are used in the production of Swiss cheese?
Which of the following end-products are used in the production of Swiss cheese?
Which microorganism is used in the production of rye bread?
Which microorganism is used in the production of rye bread?
In the electron transport chain, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be produced from one NADH molecule?
In the electron transport chain, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be produced from one NADH molecule?
In anaerobic respiration, what molecule is NOT the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
In anaerobic respiration, what molecule is NOT the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Which process yields less energy?
Which process yields less energy?
In both lactic acid and alcohol fermentation, what is glucose oxidized to?
In both lactic acid and alcohol fermentation, what is glucose oxidized to?
What is used as the final electron acceptor in fermentation?
What is used as the final electron acceptor in fermentation?
What process is defined as the removal of electrons?
What process is defined as the removal of electrons?
In biological systems, what is the removal of both electrons and protons equivalent to?
In biological systems, what is the removal of both electrons and protons equivalent to?
What product is formed from the oxidation of glucose during glycolysis?
What product is formed from the oxidation of glucose during glycolysis?
What is the main purpose of metabolic pathways in energy production?
What is the main purpose of metabolic pathways in energy production?
What is released during the oxidation of acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle?
What is released during the oxidation of acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle?
In aerobic respiration, where does the final electron acceptor originate?
In aerobic respiration, where does the final electron acceptor originate?
What do bacteria that catabolize carbohydrates or proteins produce in a fermentation test?
What do bacteria that catabolize carbohydrates or proteins produce in a fermentation test?
What is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
What is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
Besides ATP, what other molecules are produced from the oxidation of glucose during glycolysis?
Besides ATP, what other molecules are produced from the oxidation of glucose during glycolysis?
What process occurs when pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA?
What process occurs when pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA?
What is the purpose of the Calvin-Benson cycle?
What is the purpose of the Calvin-Benson cycle?
Which of the following is a characteristic of oxygenic photosynthesis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of oxygenic photosynthesis?
What energy source do phototrophs utilize?
What energy source do phototrophs utilize?
What is the function of extracellular proteases?
What is the function of extracellular proteases?
What do photoautotrophs use to fix $CO_2$ to sugar?
What do photoautotrophs use to fix $CO_2$ to sugar?
What is produced in anoxygenic photosynthesis instead of oxygen?
What is produced in anoxygenic photosynthesis instead of oxygen?
The oxidase test identifies bacteria that have which enzyme?
The oxidase test identifies bacteria that have which enzyme?
What is the overall purpose of light-dependent reactions?
What is the overall purpose of light-dependent reactions?
Flashcards
Oxidation
Oxidation
The removal of electrons from a substance.
Reduction
Reduction
The gain of electrons by a substance.
Redox Reaction
Redox Reaction
A paired oxidation and reduction reaction.
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
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Carbohydrate Catabolism
Carbohydrate Catabolism
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
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Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle
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NADH ATP Yield
NADH ATP Yield
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FADH2 ATP Yield
FADH2 ATP Yield
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Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
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Fermentation
Fermentation
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Homolactic Fermentation
Homolactic Fermentation
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Heterolactic Fermentation
Heterolactic Fermentation
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Lactic Acid Fermentation Process
Lactic Acid Fermentation Process
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Alcohol Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation
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Photoautotroph
Photoautotroph
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Photoheterotroph
Photoheterotroph
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Chemoautotroph
Chemoautotroph
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Chemoheterotroph
Chemoheterotroph
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Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
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Ethanol
Ethanol
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Acetic Acid
Acetic Acid
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Lactic Acid
Lactic Acid
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Propionic Acid and Carbon Dioxide
Propionic Acid and Carbon Dioxide
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Acetone and Butanol
Acetone and Butanol
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Citric Acid
Citric Acid
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Methane
Methane
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Acetobacter
Acetobacter
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Propionibacterium freudenreichii
Propionibacterium freudenreichii
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Extracellular Proteases
Extracellular Proteases
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Deamination
Deamination
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Decarboxylation
Decarboxylation
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Fermentation Test
Fermentation Test
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Oxidase Test
Oxidase Test
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Light-Dependent Reactions
Light-Dependent Reactions
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Light-Independent Reactions
Light-Independent Reactions
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Phototrophs
Phototrophs
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Oxygenic Photoautotroph
Oxygenic Photoautotroph
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Anoxygenic Photoautotroph
Anoxygenic Photoautotroph
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Fermentation Definition
Fermentation Definition
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Ethanol Fermentation (Beer/Wine)
Ethanol Fermentation (Beer/Wine)
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Ethanol Fermentation (Fuel)
Ethanol Fermentation (Fuel)
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Lactic Acid Fermentation (Dairy)
Lactic Acid Fermentation (Dairy)
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Sorbose
Sorbose
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Industrial Fermentation
Industrial Fermentation
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Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus
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Citric Acid Fermentation
Citric Acid Fermentation
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Methane Fermentation
Methane Fermentation
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Fermentative Microorganism
Fermentative Microorganism
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Lipid Catabolism
Lipid Catabolism
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Photoautotrophs (Oxygenic)
Photoautotrophs (Oxygenic)
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Photoautotrophs (Anoxygenic)
Photoautotrophs (Anoxygenic)
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Study Notes
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Oxidation refers to the removal of electrons from a substance.
- Reduction signifies the gain of electrons by a substance.
- Oxidation and reduction reactions often occur in tandem, forming what is known as a redox reaction.
- In biological systems, the removal of electrons is often accompanied by protons, effectively removing a hydrogen atom.
- Dehydrogenation reactions are common types of biological oxidations.
Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production
- Metabolic pathways consist of a sequence of chemical reactions, each facilitated by an enzyme.
- The purpose of these pathways is to extract energy from organic compounds.
- The energy extracted is then stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the cell's energy currency.
Carbohydrate Catabolism
- Carbohydrate catabolism involves the enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates to liberate energy.
- Glycolysis, a fundamental pathway, participates in the breaking down of carbohydrates.
- The Krebs cycle is a vital stage in carbohydrate catabolism, further processing the products of glycolysis.
- The electron transport chain is a system is the final stage, where much of the energy is captured as ATP.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose into pyruvic acid.
- The oxidation of the glucose yields ATP, usable energy for the cell.
- NADH, an electron carrier used to generate more ATP, also gets produced
Cellular Respiration
- The oxidation of molecules releases electrons, which are then used to power an electron transport chain.
- Comes from outside of the cell, the final electron acceptor is inorganic.
- Oxidative phosphorylation directly generates ATP.
Aerobic Respiration
- The Krebs cycle is a key component of aerobic respiration.
- Pyruvic acid from glycolysis gets oxidized during the preparatory step.
- Decarboxylation, the loss of CO2, occurs during the preparatory step.
- The resulting two-carbon compound binds to coenzyme A.
- The two-carbon compound attaching to coenzyme A forms acetyl CoA and NADH.
- Oxidation of acetyl CoA inside the cycle leads to the production of NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
- Oxidation of acetyl CoA also liberates CO2 as waste
Carbohydrate Catabolism - ATP Production
- 3 molecules of ATP produce from, each NADH when oxidized in the electron transport chain.
- 2 molecules of ATP produce from, each FADH2.
Anaerobic Respiration
- The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2, setting it apart from aerobic respiration.
- From aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration yields less energy.
- Nitrate (NO3-) is used in during process, producing NO2-, N2 + H2O.
- (SO4-) is used in during process, producing H2S + H2O.
- Carbonate (CO32-) is used in during process, producing CH4 + H2O.
ATP Yield During Prokaryotic Aerobic Respiration
- Glycolysis oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces 2 ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation.
- Glycolysis production of 2 NADH produces 6 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain.
- The preparatory step formation of acetyl CoA produces 2 NADH which generate 6 ATP, via oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain.
- In the Krebs cycle, oxidation of succinyl CoA to succinic acid yields 2 GTP equivalent to ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation.
- The Krebs cycle production of 6 NADH produces 18 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain
- The Krebs cycle production of 2 FADH produces 4 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain.
- 38 ATP is Total ATP yield during prokaryotic aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule is.
Fermentation
- Fermentation extracts energy from organic molecules through oxidation.
- Fermentation takes place without the need for oxygen.
- Fermentation does not use the Krebs cycle or the electron transport chain.
- An organic molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in fermentation.
- Fermentation produces only small amounts of ATP, in contrast to respiration.
- Lactic acid fermentation results in the production of lactic acid.
- Homolactic fermentation exclusively produces lactic acid.
- Heterolactic fermentation yields lactic acid along with other compounds.
- In lactic acid fermentation, glucose is initially oxidized to pyruvic acid, and then reduced by NADH.
- Alcohol fermentation results in the production of ethanol and CO2.
- First, glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid.
- Then pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2.
- Finally, NADH reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol.
Industrial Uses of Fermentation
- Ethanol is for beer and wine and starts with starch or sugar.
- Ethanol uses Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- Ethanol is for fuel, starting with agricultural waste.
- Ethanol uses Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- Acetic Acid is for Vinegar
- Acetic Acid uses Acetobacter, starting with Ethanol.
- Lactic Acid is for cheese and yogurt
- Lactic Acid uses Lactobacillus, Streptococcus starting with Milk.
- Lactic Acid is for rye bread
- Lactic Acid uses Lactobacillus delbrueckii, starting with grain and sugar.
- Lactic Acid is for sauerkraut
- Lactic Acid uses Lactobacillus plantarum, starting with cabbage.
- Lactic Acid is for summer sausage
- Lactic Acid uses Pediococcus, starting with meat.
- Propionic Acid and Carbon Dioxide is for swiss cheese
- Propionic Acid and Carbon Dioxide uses Propionibacterium freudenreichii.
- Acetone and Butanol is for pharmaceutical and industrial purposes
- Acetone and Butanol uses Clostridium acetobutylicum, starting with molasses.
- Citric Acid is used as a flavoring
- Citric Acid uses Aspergillus (fungus), starting with molasses.
- Methane is for fuel
- Methane uses Methanosarcina (archaeon), starting with acetic acid.
- Sorbose is for Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
- Sorbose uses Gluconobacter, starting with sorbitol.
- The microorganisms are typically bacteria unless otherwise specified.
Lipid and Protein Catabolism
- Lipid catabolism: Using Lipase Lipids are converted to glycerol and fatty acids,
- Glycerol becomes Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, becomes Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, becomes Pyruvic acid, becomes Acetyl CoA.
- Protein catabolism: The Deamination, decarboxylation, dehydrogenation, and desulfurization of amino acids fuel the Krebs Cycle. -Protein becomes Amino acids and these alterations turn them into an organic acid.
Biochemical Tests
- The fermentation test distinguishes bacteria based on their ability to catabolize carbohydrates or proteins, producing acid and causing a color change in a pH indicator.
- The oxidase test identifies bacteria with cytochrome oxidase, exemplified by Pseudomonas.
Photosynthesis
- Light-dependent (light) reactions capture light energy.
- Conversion of light energy into chemical energy such as ATP and NADPH.
- Light-independent (dark) reactions, ATP and NADPH reduce CO2.
- The Calvin-Benson cycle drives the reduction of CO2, resulting to sugar and carbon fixation.
Photosynthesis Chemical Equation
- In oxygenic photosynthesis, 6CO2 + 12H2O + Light energy becomes C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2.
- In anoxygenic photosynthesis, 6CO2 + 12H2S becomes C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 12 S under light energy.
Metabolic Diversity Among Organisms
- Phototrophs use light energy to power their metabolism.
- Photoautotrophs fix CO2 to generate sugars using the Calvin-Benson cycle.
- Oxygenic organisms release O2 during photosynthesis.
- Anoxygenic organisms do not produce O2.
Photosynthesis in Selected Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes, use H atoms of H2O to reduce CO2 , produce Oxygen, and Chlorophyll a.
- Eukaryotes use Chloroplasts with thylakoids for Photosynthesis site, and have Aerobic environments.
- Prokaryotes Cyanobacteria reduce H atoms of HOO with CO2 , produce Oxygen and Chlorophyll a.
- Thylakoids are the Photosynthesis site, and Aerobic(and anaerobic) environments for Prokaryotes Cyanobacteria
- Prokaryotes Green Bacteria use Sulfur, sulfur compounds or H2 gas to reduce CO2, Anoxygenic and Bacteriochlorophyll a.
- Prokaryotes Green use Chlorosomes Photosynthesis site, and Anaerobic environments,
- Sulfur, Prokkarytoes Purple Bacteria use sulfur compounds or H2 gas to reduce CO2, are Anoxygenic and Bacteriochlorophyll a or b.
- Prokarytoes Purple use Chromatophores Photosynthesis site, and Anaerobic environments.
Metabolic Diversity Nutritional Type
- Photoautotrophs harness light for energy and CO2 for their carbon source.
- Notable examples include oxygenic Cyanobacteria and plants, along with anoxygenic green and purple bacteria.
- Photoheterotrophs utilize light energy.
- Photoheterotrophs consume organic compounds as their carbon source.
- Instances of organisms are green and purple non-sulfur bacteria.
- Chemoautotrophs derive energy from inorganic chemicals.
- Chemoautotrophs fix CO2 as their carbon source.
- A prime example is iron-oxidizing bacteria.
- Chemoheterotrophs obtain their energy from chemicals and carbon from organic compounds.
- This group includes fermentative bacteria, animals, protozoa, and fungi.
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts in microbial metabolism, including oxidation-reduction reactions, carbohydrate catabolism, and photosynthesis. It explores energy production pathways, electron transport chains, and nutritional types of microorganisms. Questions address key metabolic processes in bacteria and eukaryotes.
