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Questions and Answers
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate?
In stage 3 of a specific metabolic pathway, what is the primary goal in terms of redox chemistry?
In stage 3 of a specific metabolic pathway, what is the primary goal in terms of redox chemistry?
What is the primary criterion that makes a sugar, such as glucose, favorable for fermentation?
What is the primary criterion that makes a sugar, such as glucose, favorable for fermentation?
If a microbe is described as a chemolithotroph, what is its primary source of electrons for energy production?
If a microbe is described as a chemolithotroph, what is its primary source of electrons for energy production?
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Which metabolic process involves the synthesis of complex molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids from simpler starting molecules?
Which metabolic process involves the synthesis of complex molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids from simpler starting molecules?
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What is the primary mechanism behind adaptive immunity's specificity?
What is the primary mechanism behind adaptive immunity's specificity?
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Which of the following best describes immune memory?
Which of the following best describes immune memory?
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How do natural killer (NK) cells differ from T and B cells?
How do natural killer (NK) cells differ from T and B cells?
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Which molecules are responsible for stimulating the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins, leading to fever?
Which molecules are responsible for stimulating the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins, leading to fever?
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What is the primary function of interferons (IFN-a and IFN-6)?
What is the primary function of interferons (IFN-a and IFN-6)?
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What is the primary role of zooxanthellae in their symbiotic relationship with corals?
What is the primary role of zooxanthellae in their symbiotic relationship with corals?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of a 'holobiont' or 'metaorganism'?
Which of the following best describes the concept of a 'holobiont' or 'metaorganism'?
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What is the main component of a biofilm that encases and supports the microorganisms within?
What is the main component of a biofilm that encases and supports the microorganisms within?
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According to the content, which of the following is NOT a typical cause of coral bleaching?
According to the content, which of the following is NOT a typical cause of coral bleaching?
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What is the primary function of the rumen in ruminant animals?
What is the primary function of the rumen in ruminant animals?
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Which of the following best describes the function of cofactors in enzyme activity?
Which of the following best describes the function of cofactors in enzyme activity?
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What is a primary requirement to enable nutrient transport across the cytoplasmic membrane?
What is a primary requirement to enable nutrient transport across the cytoplasmic membrane?
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Which of these transport mechanisms involves chemically modifying the transported substance during the process?
Which of these transport mechanisms involves chemically modifying the transported substance during the process?
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What energy source drives reactions in simple transport?
What energy source drives reactions in simple transport?
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What transport classification does the sodium-proton antiporter fall under?
What transport classification does the sodium-proton antiporter fall under?
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In ABC transport systems, what is the role of periplasmic binding proteins?
In ABC transport systems, what is the role of periplasmic binding proteins?
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Organisms that acquire energy from inorganic chemicals are classified as:
Organisms that acquire energy from inorganic chemicals are classified as:
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Which of the following best describes catabolism?
Which of the following best describes catabolism?
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What is the primary function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
What is the primary function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
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In an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, what process occurs to an electron donor?
In an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, what process occurs to an electron donor?
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Which of the following best describes an autotroph?
Which of the following best describes an autotroph?
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Which of the following is most likely to be an end product of glycolysis?
Which of the following is most likely to be an end product of glycolysis?
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What is the first step of the first stage of glycolysis?
What is the first step of the first stage of glycolysis?
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What is the main difference between fermentation and respiration?
What is the main difference between fermentation and respiration?
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Which of the following best describes the interaction between Nanoarchaeum equitans and Ignicoccus hospitalis?
Which of the following best describes the interaction between Nanoarchaeum equitans and Ignicoccus hospitalis?
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Which of the following molecules is considered an energy-rich compound in cellular metabolism?
Which of the following molecules is considered an energy-rich compound in cellular metabolism?
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How do endofungal bacteria such as Burkholderia aid fungi?
How do endofungal bacteria such as Burkholderia aid fungi?
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What is the role of triosephosphate isomerase in glycolysis?
What is the role of triosephosphate isomerase in glycolysis?
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What is the primary function of quorum sensing in bacteria?
What is the primary function of quorum sensing in bacteria?
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In a fungal-bacterial interaction, what role can bacteria potentially play in fungal virulence?
In a fungal-bacterial interaction, what role can bacteria potentially play in fungal virulence?
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Which of the following best describes mycoparasitism?
Which of the following best describes mycoparasitism?
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What is the term for viruses that infect bacteria?
What is the term for viruses that infect bacteria?
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Methanobacillus omelianskii is an example of what type of interaction?
Methanobacillus omelianskii is an example of what type of interaction?
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Which of the following is NOT typically a component of fungal interactions with other organisms mentioned in the provided content?
Which of the following is NOT typically a component of fungal interactions with other organisms mentioned in the provided content?
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Study Notes
Microbial Metabolism
- Metabolism is a series of biochemical reactions where cells break down or synthesize various metabolites.
- Two types of metabolism exist:
- Anabolism: Building larger molecules from smaller ones (e.g., amino acids to protein).
- Catabolism: Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones (e.g., protein to amino acids).
- Primary metabolism is crucial for survival, breaking down nutrients into basic forms.
- Secondary metabolism is involved in growth, reproduction, and survival.
Microbial Nutrients and Nutrient Uptake
- Nutrients are categorized into two types:
- Macronutrients: Required in large amounts.
- Micronutrients: Required in minute amounts.
- Uptake of nutrients involves crossing the cytoplasmic membrane. Active transport requires energy and moves molecules against the concentration gradient.
- Cell nutrition is dependent on both types of nutrients.
Chemicals in Predominant in Living Systems
- Carbon makes up 50% of a cell's dry weight.
- Oxygen and Hydrogen account for approximately 2% combined.
- Nitrogen represents 13% of a cell's dry weight.
- Phosphorus, Sulfur, Potassium, Magnesium, and Selenium make up less than 5% of dry weight.
- Water makes up 75% of wet weight.
- Primary macromolecules contribute the remaining portion of the wet weight.
- Protein constitutes 55% of the dry weight.
- Other macromolecular components include lipids, polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, DNA, and RNA.
Energy Classes of Microbes
- Chemotrophs use chemical energy as their source.
- Chemoorganotrophs use organic chemicals.
- Chemolithotrophs use inorganic chemicals.
- Phototrophs use light energy.
- Photoautotrophs capture light energy to make their own food.
- Autotrophs: Use CO2 as a carbon source for synthesis.
- Heterotrophs: Obtain carbon from organic compounds.
Catalysis and Enzymes
- Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to start.
- Exergonic reactions release energy.
- Endergonic reactions absorb energy.
- Catalysts, such as enzymes, speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Energy-Rich Compounds
- Redox reactions release energy-rich phosphate compounds used by cells for functions such as ATP, Acetyl-CoA.
- Examples of these compounds include ATP, Acetyl-CoA, Acetyl Phosphate, Glucose 6-Phosphate, and Phosphoenolpyruvate.
Fermentation and Respiration
- Fermentation is an anaerobic catabolism where organic compounds both donate and accept electrons.
- Respiration is an aerobic or anaerobic catabolism where an organic or inorganic donor is oxidized and oxygen or another molecule acts as the acceptor.
Glycolysis
- Glyoxylate cycle is an alternative to fermentation, enabling glucose to proceed into respiration when ready.
- Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy and smaller molecules.
- The process encompasses three stages.
- The first stage prepares glucose for the later stages.
- The second stage involves redox reactions.
- The third stage completes the conversion to pyruvate.
Microbial Interactions
- Symbiosis: A long-term biological interaction between two or more organisms of the same or different species.
- Mutualism: Both species benefit.
- Commensalism: One species benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped.
- Parasitism: One species benefits, and the other is harmed.
- Competition: Rivalry for resources like space and nutrients.
- Antagonism: One species' products negatively impact another.
- Microbe-host interactions, including infection, colonization, and disease.
- Infectious agents can have virulence factors that enable them to evade host systems.
Additional Topics
- Microbial nutrient uptake and transport, simple transport, group translocation, ABC transport
- Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs, Chemotrophs vs Phototrophs
- Enzymatic functions related to microbiology
- Fermentation: Various fermentation types and organisms involved.
- Bacterial interactions, including viruses, and biofilm formation.
- Energy balance sheet of aerobic respiration showing ATP yield at each stage
- Glyoxylate cycle
- Other innate host defenses such as inflammation, fever, and the roles of cytokines and Natural Killer cells (NK cells)
- Interferon’s role in combating viral replication
- Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
- Endosymbiotic Theory and Holobiont/Metaorganism Theory
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Description
Test your knowledge of microbial metabolism and nutrient uptake. This quiz covers key concepts including anabolism and catabolism, the importance of macronutrients and micronutrients, and how nutrients are absorbed by cells. Challenge yourself with questions that explore basic biochemical processes essential for microbial survival.
