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Questions and Answers
What is the process by which energy sources are oxidized to release electrons?
What is the process by which energy sources are oxidized to release electrons?
- Phosphorylation
- ATP synthesis
- Oxidation (correct)
- Reduction
What is the energy currency of the cell, where the energy released from oxidation is stored?
What is the energy currency of the cell, where the energy released from oxidation is stored?
- GTP
- ATP (correct)
- NADH
- FADH2
Which type of microorganism derives energy from organic chemicals by oxidizing compounds to release electrons?
Which type of microorganism derives energy from organic chemicals by oxidizing compounds to release electrons?
- Aerobes (correct)
- Methanogens
- Anaerobes
- Chemolithotrophs
What are some examples of inorganic chemicals from which chemolithotrophs derive energy?
What are some examples of inorganic chemicals from which chemolithotrophs derive energy?
What do methanogens in ruminant livestock produce as a by-product of digestion?
What do methanogens in ruminant livestock produce as a by-product of digestion?
What can inhibit methanogens in the rumen and reduce methane emissions in livestock?
What can inhibit methanogens in the rumen and reduce methane emissions in livestock?
What has resulted in up to an 80% reduction in methane emissions from cattle?
What has resulted in up to an 80% reduction in methane emissions from cattle?
What advantage do chemolithotrophs have over chemoorganotrophs?
What advantage do chemolithotrophs have over chemoorganotrophs?
What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs?
What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs?
What is the process by which bacteria divide?
What is the process by which bacteria divide?
In which growth phase of liquid bacterial culture do bacteria multiply at the highest rate?
In which growth phase of liquid bacterial culture do bacteria multiply at the highest rate?
What are chemotrophs?
What are chemotrophs?
What is the primary function of photosynthesis in microorganisms?
What is the primary function of photosynthesis in microorganisms?
$e^- + e^- \rightarrow e^- + e^-$ represents which process?
$e^- + e^- \rightarrow e^- + e^-$ represents which process?
What type of microorganisms have evolved to obtain carbon and energy from extreme habitats?
What type of microorganisms have evolved to obtain carbon and energy from extreme habitats?
What is the simplified model of energy production in microorganisms?
What is the simplified model of energy production in microorganisms?
What is the chemical basis of energy production in microorganisms?
What is the chemical basis of energy production in microorganisms?
Which type of organisms obtain energy from sunlight?
Which type of organisms obtain energy from sunlight?
What is the primary function of chemotrophs?
What is the primary function of chemotrophs?
What is the main energy source for phototrophs?
What is the main energy source for phototrophs?
What is the primary function of carotenoids in phototrophic cells?
What is the primary function of carotenoids in phototrophic cells?
Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?
Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?
What is the bi-product of oxygenic photosynthesis?
What is the bi-product of oxygenic photosynthesis?
What is the main difference between oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis?
What is the main difference between oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis?
What gives phototrophic bacteria their green color?
What gives phototrophic bacteria their green color?
Which of the following is a key feature of bacterial growth?
Which of the following is a key feature of bacterial growth?
What is the primary method of bacterial growth on solid medium?
What is the primary method of bacterial growth on solid medium?
How do bacteria primarily grow in liquid medium?
How do bacteria primarily grow in liquid medium?
What are the direct measurements of bacterial growth?
What are the direct measurements of bacterial growth?
What do chemotrophs use as their source of energy?
What do chemotrophs use as their source of energy?
What is the primary energy source for phototrophs?
What is the primary energy source for phototrophs?
What distinguishes chemoorganotrophs from chemolithotrophs?
What distinguishes chemoorganotrophs from chemolithotrophs?
What do autotrophs use as their primary source of carbon?
What do autotrophs use as their primary source of carbon?
What distinguishes heterotrophs from autotrophs?
What distinguishes heterotrophs from autotrophs?
What is the key requirement for photosynthesis in microorganisms?
What is the key requirement for photosynthesis in microorganisms?
Which pigment is closely associated with bacteriochlorophyll but plays no direct role in photosynthesis?
Which pigment is closely associated with bacteriochlorophyll but plays no direct role in photosynthesis?
Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?
Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?
What is the bi-product of oxygenic photosynthesis?
What is the bi-product of oxygenic photosynthesis?
What do chemoorganotrophs and other organisms ultimately use as a source of organic matter?
What do chemoorganotrophs and other organisms ultimately use as a source of organic matter?
What is the energy source for phototrophs?
What is the energy source for phototrophs?
What color are carotenoids associated with in phototrophic bacteria?
What color are carotenoids associated with in phototrophic bacteria?
What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
What do phototrophs use as an energy source?
What do phototrophs use as an energy source?
What type of photosynthesis produces oxygen as a bi-product?
What type of photosynthesis produces oxygen as a bi-product?
What ultimately provides organic matter for chemoorganotrophs and other organisms?
What ultimately provides organic matter for chemoorganotrophs and other organisms?
What is the process of oxidation?
What is the process of oxidation?
How is the energy released from oxidation stored in cells?
How is the energy released from oxidation stored in cells?
What do chemoorganotrophs derive energy from?
What do chemoorganotrophs derive energy from?
Which type of chemoorganotrophs can function without oxygen?
Which type of chemoorganotrophs can function without oxygen?
What is a by-product of digestion produced by methanogens in ruminant livestock?
What is a by-product of digestion produced by methanogens in ruminant livestock?
What can inhibit methanogens in the rumen and reduce methane emissions?
What can inhibit methanogens in the rumen and reduce methane emissions?
What has resulted in up to an 80% reduction in methane emissions from cattle?
What has resulted in up to an 80% reduction in methane emissions from cattle?
What do chemolithotrophs derive energy from?
What do chemolithotrophs derive energy from?
What ecological niche advantage do chemolithotrophs have?
What ecological niche advantage do chemolithotrophs have?
What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs?
What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs?
Study Notes
Microbial Energy Production and Methane Reduction in Livestock
- Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain of electrons, with energy sources being oxidized to release electrons.
- The energy released from oxidation is stored in the form of ATP, the energy currency of the cell, through the removal of phosphate groups.
- Chemoorganotrophs derive energy from organic chemicals by oxidizing compounds to release electrons, which are used to generate ATP.
- There are different types of chemoorganotrophs, including aerobes, anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes, each with specific energy production characteristics.
- Methanogens in ruminant livestock, such as cattle and sheep, produce methane as a by-product of digestion, which is released into the atmosphere.
- Methane-reducing feed additives and supplements, including synthetic chemicals, natural supplements, and compounds like tannins and seaweed, can inhibit methanogens in the rumen and reduce methane emissions.
- Feeding seaweed at 3% of the diet has resulted in up to an 80% reduction in methane emissions from cattle, and active inhibitors like trihalomethanes can also decrease methane emissions.
- Chemolithotrophs derive energy from inorganic chemicals, such as H2, H2S, and Fe2+, and obtain carbon from CO2 through autotrophy.
- Chemolithotrophs have an ecological niche advantage as they do not have to compete with chemoorganotrophs for energy sources, and some of their energy sources are waste products from chemoorganotrophs.
- Heterotrophs use organic compounds as their carbon source, while autotrophs use CO2 as their carbon source and are called primary producers because they produce organic matter from CO2 in the air.
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Description
Test your knowledge about microbial energy production and methane reduction in livestock. Learn about the processes involved in energy production, the role of chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs, and methods for reducing methane emissions in ruminant livestock.
