Microbial Energy Production and Methane Reduction in Livestock
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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which energy sources are oxidized to release electrons?

  • Phosphorylation
  • ATP synthesis
  • Oxidation (correct)
  • Reduction

    • What is the energy currency of the cell, where the energy released from oxidation is stored?

  • GTP
  • ATP (correct)
  • NADH
  • FADH2

    • Which type of microorganism derives energy from organic chemicals by oxidizing compounds to release electrons?

  • Aerobes (correct)
  • Methanogens
  • Anaerobes
  • Chemolithotrophs

    • What are some examples of inorganic chemicals from which chemolithotrophs derive energy?

    <p>$H_2$, $H_2S$, and $Fe^{2+}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do methanogens in ruminant livestock produce as a by-product of digestion?

    <p>$CH_4$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can inhibit methanogens in the rumen and reduce methane emissions in livestock?

    <p>Seaweed and tannins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has resulted in up to an 80% reduction in methane emissions from cattle?

    <p>Feeding seaweed at 3% of the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do chemolithotrophs have over chemoorganotrophs?

    <p>They do not have to compete with chemoorganotrophs for energy sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs?

    <p>Autotrophs use CO$_2$ as their carbon source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which bacteria divide?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which growth phase of liquid bacterial culture do bacteria multiply at the highest rate?

    <p>Log phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chemotrophs?

    <p>Organisms obtaining energy from chemical compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of photosynthesis in microorganisms?

    <p>To produce energy-rich organic compounds using light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $e^- + e^- \rightarrow e^- + e^-$ represents which process?

    <p>$Electron transfer$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microorganisms have evolved to obtain carbon and energy from extreme habitats?

    <p>Autotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplified model of energy production in microorganisms?

    <p>Fermentation and respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical basis of energy production in microorganisms?

    <p>Chemical reactions involving the release of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organisms obtain energy from sunlight?

    <p>Phototrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chemotrophs?

    <p>Obtaining energy from chemical compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main energy source for phototrophs?

    <p>Light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carotenoids in phototrophic cells?

    <p>Photoprotective role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bi-product of oxygenic photosynthesis?

    <p>$O_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis?

    <p>$O_2$ production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives phototrophic bacteria their green color?

    <p>$Chlorophylls$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of bacterial growth?

    <p>Bacteria divide by binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of bacterial growth on solid medium?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria primarily grow in liquid medium?

    <p>By binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the direct measurements of bacterial growth?

    <p>Microscopic cell counts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do chemotrophs use as their source of energy?

    <p>Chemical compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source for phototrophs?

    <p>Light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chemoorganotrophs from chemolithotrophs?

    <p>Source of energy utilized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do autotrophs use as their primary source of carbon?

    <p>Inorganic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes heterotrophs from autotrophs?

    <p>Source of carbon utilized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key requirement for photosynthesis in microorganisms?

    <p>Light energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigment is closely associated with bacteriochlorophyll but plays no direct role in photosynthesis?

    <p>Carotenoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?

    <p>In the chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bi-product of oxygenic photosynthesis?

    <p>$O_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do chemoorganotrophs and other organisms ultimately use as a source of organic matter?

    <p>Autotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy source for phototrophs?

    <p>Light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color are carotenoids associated with in phototrophic bacteria?

    <p>Green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do phototrophs use as an energy source?

    <p>Light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of photosynthesis produces oxygen as a bi-product?

    <p>Oxygenic photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ultimately provides organic matter for chemoorganotrophs and other organisms?

    <p>Autotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of oxidation?

    <p>Involves the loss of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the energy released from oxidation stored in cells?

    <p>In the form of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do chemoorganotrophs derive energy from?

    <p>Organic chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chemoorganotrophs can function without oxygen?

    <p>Anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a by-product of digestion produced by methanogens in ruminant livestock?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can inhibit methanogens in the rumen and reduce methane emissions?

    <p>Synthetic chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has resulted in up to an 80% reduction in methane emissions from cattle?

    <p>Feeding seaweed at 3% of the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do chemolithotrophs derive energy from?

    <p>Inorganic chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological niche advantage do chemolithotrophs have?

    <p>Do not have to compete with chemoorganotrophs for energy sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs?

    <p>Use $CO_{2}$ as their carbon source and are called primary producers because they produce organic matter from $CO_{2}$ in the air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbial Energy Production and Methane Reduction in Livestock

    • Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain of electrons, with energy sources being oxidized to release electrons.
    • The energy released from oxidation is stored in the form of ATP, the energy currency of the cell, through the removal of phosphate groups.
    • Chemoorganotrophs derive energy from organic chemicals by oxidizing compounds to release electrons, which are used to generate ATP.
    • There are different types of chemoorganotrophs, including aerobes, anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes, each with specific energy production characteristics.
    • Methanogens in ruminant livestock, such as cattle and sheep, produce methane as a by-product of digestion, which is released into the atmosphere.
    • Methane-reducing feed additives and supplements, including synthetic chemicals, natural supplements, and compounds like tannins and seaweed, can inhibit methanogens in the rumen and reduce methane emissions.
    • Feeding seaweed at 3% of the diet has resulted in up to an 80% reduction in methane emissions from cattle, and active inhibitors like trihalomethanes can also decrease methane emissions.
    • Chemolithotrophs derive energy from inorganic chemicals, such as H2, H2S, and Fe2+, and obtain carbon from CO2 through autotrophy.
    • Chemolithotrophs have an ecological niche advantage as they do not have to compete with chemoorganotrophs for energy sources, and some of their energy sources are waste products from chemoorganotrophs.
    • Heterotrophs use organic compounds as their carbon source, while autotrophs use CO2 as their carbon source and are called primary producers because they produce organic matter from CO2 in the air.

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    MICR20010 Lecture 6.pptx

    Description

    Test your knowledge about microbial energy production and methane reduction in livestock. Learn about the processes involved in energy production, the role of chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs, and methods for reducing methane emissions in ruminant livestock.

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