Microbial Ecology and Parasitism
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method of movement for flagellates?

  • By pseudopodia
  • By non-motile means
  • By hairlike cilia
  • By whiplike flagella (correct)
  • What occurs when the resident microflora is significantly reduced?

  • Opportunistic invaders can easily establish themselves (correct)
  • Superinfection is less likely to occur
  • The fetus develops indigenous microflora
  • There is an increase in resident microbial diversity
  • What is a characteristic of sporozoa?

  • They use hairlike cilia for movement.
  • They have a whiplike flagella.
  • They move using pseudopodia.
  • They exhibit no motility. (correct)
  • What is amebiasis, and how can it manifest?

    <p>A severe gastrointestinal infection often accompanied by dysentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Entamoeba Hystolytica primarily be transmitted?

    <p>Ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria is most commonly associated with oral-anal sexual contact?

    <p>Anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key factor influencing bacterial growth in moist environments?

    <p>Presence of sweat and oil glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of trichomoniasis in women?

    <p>Profuse, thin, foamy, malodorous discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is malaria primarily transmitted?

    <p>Vector-borne via mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is responsible for trichomoniasis?

    <p>Trichomonas vaginalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with malaria?

    <p>Frequent urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major patient care consideration when dealing with genitourinary tract infections?

    <p>Using standard precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT significantly affect bacterial growth in moist conditions?

    <p>Color of surrounding surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is primarily found in the indigenous microflora of the mouth?

    <p>Alpha-hemolytic streptococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily prevents the growth of microflora in the stomach?

    <p>Gastric enzymes and acidic pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are few microflora found in the duodenum?

    <p>Bile inhibits their growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is known to cause disease primarily when it accesses improper areas of the body?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines parasitism in microbial ecology?

    <p>A relationship beneficial to one party at the expense of another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do many microorganisms reside in the urinary system?

    <p>Distal urethra and external urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which life stages does the vagina typically become alkaline, facilitating microbial growth?

    <p>Pubescent period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines ectoparasites?

    <p>Parasites that live on the exterior of their host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of parasite has no choice but to live as a parasite?

    <p>Obligate parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary byproduct of lactobacilli that helps inhibit certain opportunistic microorganisms?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mutualism, how do the symbionts affect each other?

    <p>Both symbionts benefit from the relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor often leads to the development of recurring urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

    <p>Obstruction/narrowing of the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes neutralism?

    <p>Neither organism is significantly affected by the relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the 'normal flora' or indigenous microbiota?

    <p>Commensal organisms living on or within a host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of microorganisms includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses?

    <p>Microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about facultative parasites?

    <p>They can opt for a free-living existence apart from a host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial group is commonly present in the G.I tract but absent in the MOUTH?

    <p>Enterobacteriaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the presence status of Clostridium spp. in the G.U tract?

    <p>Absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genus is less commonly present in the NASOPHARYNX compared to the OROPHARYNX?

    <p>Fusobacterium spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anaerobic organism is commonly found in both the SKIN and MOUTH?

    <p>Diphtheroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial group is notable for being commonly present in both G.I and G.U tracts but absent in the MOUTH?

    <p>Enterococcus spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is present in the G.I tract but reported to have variable presence in the NASOPHARYNX?

    <p>Prevotella/Porphyromonas spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the organism that is sometimes present in both the G.I tract and OROPHARYNX but absent in G.U tract.

    <p>Fusobacterium spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is commonly present in the NASOPHARYNX but absent in the G.U tract?

    <p>Haemophilus spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbial Ecology and Symbiosis

    • Microbial ecology examines interactions between microorganisms and their environment.
    • Parasitism benefits the parasite at the host's expense, leading to a detrimental relationship for the host.
    • Ectoparasites live on the host's exterior, while endoparasites reside within the host's internal organs.

    Types of Symbiotic Relationships

    • Neutralism: Neither organism is affected.
    • Commensalism: One organism benefits while the other is unaffected.
    • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the relationship.

    Indigenous Microbiota

    • Refers to the normal flora residing on and within humans, consisting of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.
    • Microbial presence is essential for maintaining health; disturbances can lead to disease.

    Adaptations of Parasites

    • Facultative Parasite: Can live independently from the host (e.g., free-living amebae).
    • Obligate Parasite: Requires a host for survival and cannot lead an independent life; most human parasites fall under this category.

    Common Protozoal Infections

    • Amebiasis: Caused by Entamoeba histolytica; may result in dysentery and gastrointestinal distress.
    • Trichomoniasis: Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis; leads to vaginitis characterized by malodorous discharge.

    Microflora in Various Body Systems

    • Skin: Home to up to 300 species of bacteria and fungi; dominated by Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Propionibacterium.
    • Gastrointestinal Tract: Gastric conditions inhibit growth; low flora in the upper tract, richer in lower reaches; opportunistic infections may arise from the colon's microflora (e.g., E. coli).
    • Urinary Tract: Normally sterile; infections often result from obstructions in the urethra leading to microbial overgrowth.
    • Reproductive System: Generally sterile except for the vagina, which varies in pH throughout life stages; lactobacilli help maintain an acidic environment, reducing opportunistic infections.

    Key Points on Transmission and Infection

    • Various methods of transmission for infections include ingestion of contaminated food/water, direct contact, and sexual activities.
    • Standard precautions are recommended for patient care to avoid transmission.
    • Symptoms of infections can include fever, chills, diarrhea, and in severe cases, multi-organ failure and death.

    Microbial Distribution Summary

    • Diverse microbial populations exist across body areas (skin, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary tract).
    • Common organisms differ in prevalence across regions, with environmental factors influencing their growth and activity.

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    Related Documents

    Microbial Ecology PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the intricate relationships between microorganisms and their environment, as well as the concept of parasitism, where one organism benefits at the expense of another. Understand the definitions and examples of microbes and parasites in ecological contexts. Test your knowledge on their roles and interactions within ecosystems.

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