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Questions and Answers
What structure is always derived from cellular membranes when present in viruses?
What structure is always derived from cellular membranes when present in viruses?
Which type of virus is classified as infecting bacteria?
Which type of virus is classified as infecting bacteria?
In the structure of a bacteriophage, which component is responsible for attaching to the bacterial surface?
In the structure of a bacteriophage, which component is responsible for attaching to the bacterial surface?
What primarily determines the infective nature of a virus?
What primarily determines the infective nature of a virus?
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What is the primary function of tail fibers in a bacteriophage?
What is the primary function of tail fibers in a bacteriophage?
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Which category do herpes and influenza viruses belong to?
Which category do herpes and influenza viruses belong to?
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Which part of the bacteriophage contains the viral nucleic acid?
Which part of the bacteriophage contains the viral nucleic acid?
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What type of viruses primarily infect plants and algae?
What type of viruses primarily infect plants and algae?
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What is the primary route of transmission for poliovirus?
What is the primary route of transmission for poliovirus?
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Which type of genome does HIV possess?
Which type of genome does HIV possess?
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What is the shape of the poliovirus capsid?
What is the shape of the poliovirus capsid?
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Which protein is essential for HIV's ability to bind to host cells?
Which protein is essential for HIV's ability to bind to host cells?
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What is the consequence of HIV targeting white blood cells?
What is the consequence of HIV targeting white blood cells?
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What type of genome does the ADIS virus possess?
What type of genome does the ADIS virus possess?
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Which of the following viruses is classified as a retrovirus?
Which of the following viruses is classified as a retrovirus?
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What structural feature is unique to the ADIS virus?
What structural feature is unique to the ADIS virus?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with the ADIS virus?
Which of the following diseases is associated with the ADIS virus?
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What is the envelope status of the Poliovirus?
What is the envelope status of the Poliovirus?
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What role do microbes play in environmental monitoring?
What role do microbes play in environmental monitoring?
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What significant contribution did Carl Woese make to the classification of organisms?
What significant contribution did Carl Woese make to the classification of organisms?
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How are prokaryotes classified in the modern classification system?
How are prokaryotes classified in the modern classification system?
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What aspect of microbial life informs the search for extraterrestrial life?
What aspect of microbial life informs the search for extraterrestrial life?
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What distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria at a molecular level?
What distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria at a molecular level?
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Why are viruses considered a separate entity in biological classification?
Why are viruses considered a separate entity in biological classification?
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What was primarily used for classifying organisms until the 1970s?
What was primarily used for classifying organisms until the 1970s?
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What are the domains classified under the three-domain system?
What are the domains classified under the three-domain system?
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Which family of bacteriophages has a contractile tail?
Which family of bacteriophages has a contractile tail?
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What type of nucleic acid do bacteriophages from the Caudovirales order typically utilize?
What type of nucleic acid do bacteriophages from the Caudovirales order typically utilize?
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Which of the following bacteriophage families is characterized by having a short tail?
Which of the following bacteriophage families is characterized by having a short tail?
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Which bacteriophage employs tail fibers for binding to bacterial surface receptors?
Which bacteriophage employs tail fibers for binding to bacterial surface receptors?
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What is the general structure of T4 Bacteriophage?
What is the general structure of T4 Bacteriophage?
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Which statement about Caudovirales is incorrect?
Which statement about Caudovirales is incorrect?
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What distinguishes the viruses in the Caudovirales order?
What distinguishes the viruses in the Caudovirales order?
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Which family of bacteriophages can be classified as temperate phages?
Which family of bacteriophages can be classified as temperate phages?
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What type of genetic material does the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) possess?
What type of genetic material does the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) possess?
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Which structural feature is NOT characteristic of poxviruses?
Which structural feature is NOT characteristic of poxviruses?
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Which type of virus is M13 phage classified as?
Which type of virus is M13 phage classified as?
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What is the primary function of the coat proteins in Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
What is the primary function of the coat proteins in Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
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What infection characteristic is associated with poxviruses?
What infection characteristic is associated with poxviruses?
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How does M13 phage bind to bacterial cells?
How does M13 phage bind to bacterial cells?
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What is the approximate size of Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
What is the approximate size of Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
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Which of the following is true regarding the structural symmetry of poxvirus capsids?
Which of the following is true regarding the structural symmetry of poxvirus capsids?
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Study Notes
Microbial Diversity
- Microorganisms existed before macroorganisms, more than 3 billion years ago.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered microorganisms in the 17th century.
- Microbial diversity is complex and includes variety of species, metabolic and ecological roles.
- Microorganisms consist of Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, and Viruses.
- Microbial diversity is critical for maintaining ecosystem health, nutrient cycling, and life on Earth.
Importance of Microbial Diversity
- Ecological Stability: Microbes are crucial in biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur).
- Human Health: Human microbiome is essential for health (digestion, vitamins, immune system). Loss of diversity can lead to diseases (obesity, allergies).
- Biotechnology and Industry: Microbes are used in biotechnology for antibiotics, enzymes, biofuels, and fermented foods. They also play a role in environmental monitoring and bioremediation.
- Evolutionary insights: Understanding microbial evolution helps understand the history and future of life on Earth.
Classification of Organisms
- Until the 1970s, classification was based on physiological differences.
- 1970s: Techniques became available to analyze nucleic acids, especially ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
- 1980s: Woese used rRNA comparisons to propose three domains: Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria.
- These domains represent prokaryotes (Archaea and Bacteria) and eukaryotes (Eukarya).
Viruses
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Viruses are considered a separate group due to living and non-living characteristics.
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Viruses are ultramicroscopic, obligate intracellular parasites of bacteria, plants, and animals.
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Viruses lack cellular structure, relying on host cells for reproduction.
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Viruses can have either RNA or DNA as their genome.
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Viruses are categorized by shape (polyhedral, helical, or complex).
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Viruses need a host cell to survive; they don't reproduce independently.
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Viral structure: capsid (protein coat), genome (DNA or RNA), and sometimes an envelope (derived from host cells).
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Viral classification: Plant viruses, Animal viruses, Fungal viruses, Bacterial viruses.
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Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria.
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Bacteriophages are diverse and ubiquitous, affecting host bacteria in many ways.
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Diversity is based on genome structure, tail structures, and modes of host infection.
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Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV): rod-shaped, infects tobacco and similar plants, single-stranded RNA genome.
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Poxviruses: large, complex, double-stranded DNA genome, brick-shaped, infect humans and animals, Examples: smallpox.
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Poliovirus: Icosahedral shape infecting humans, single-stranded RNA genome, causes poliomyelitis.
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AIDS Virus: has a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome, surrounded by a lipid envelope, affects humans.
Table of Differences
- A table differentiates animal viruses (Poxviruses, Poliomyelitis viruses, and AIDS viruses) based on genome type, envelope, shape, and associated diseases.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of microbial diversity and its significance to ecosystems and human health. Learn about various microorganisms, their roles in biogeochemical cycles, and biotechnology applications. This quiz will enhance your understanding of why microbial diversity is essential for life on Earth.
