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Questions and Answers
Which of the following diseases is transmitted via mechanical vectors?
Which of the following diseases is transmitted via mechanical vectors?
What is the primary difference between endemic and epidemic diseases?
What is the primary difference between endemic and epidemic diseases?
Which type of immunity involves the introduction of antigens to trigger a response?
Which type of immunity involves the introduction of antigens to trigger a response?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in mucosal immunity?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in mucosal immunity?
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What is a common causative agent of conjunctivitis that can lead to severe complications?
What is a common causative agent of conjunctivitis that can lead to severe complications?
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Which line of defense is represented by physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes?
Which line of defense is represented by physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes?
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Which type of bacteria is commonly associated with necrotizing fasciitis?
Which type of bacteria is commonly associated with necrotizing fasciitis?
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Which type of immunity is characterized by the transfer of antibodies from mother to child?
Which type of immunity is characterized by the transfer of antibodies from mother to child?
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What distinguishes a bactericidal agent from a bacteriostatic agent?
What distinguishes a bactericidal agent from a bacteriostatic agent?
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What is the primary function of an autoclave?
What is the primary function of an autoclave?
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Which of the following is a method of pasteurization?
Which of the following is a method of pasteurization?
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What does the term 'fomite' refer to in a medical context?
What does the term 'fomite' refer to in a medical context?
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Which type of antibiotic would likely have a narrow spectrum of activity?
Which type of antibiotic would likely have a narrow spectrum of activity?
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Which statement about the zone of inhibition is correct?
Which statement about the zone of inhibition is correct?
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What is the correct example of a mechanical vector?
What is the correct example of a mechanical vector?
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What is a sign in the context of disease?
What is a sign in the context of disease?
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Study Notes
Definitions
- Vegetative cell: A living, metabolically active bacterial cell.
- Sterilization: A process that eliminates all microbial life, including bacterial spores.
- Disinfection: A process that reduces the number of microorganisms to a safe level.
- Pasteurization: A process using heat to kill harmful pathogens in food and beverages without affecting the product’s quality.
- Autoclave: A device that uses steam under pressure to sterilize items.
Chemical Control Definitions
- Antisepsis: A chemical agent used to inhibit microbial growth on living tissue.
- Vehicle: Substance used to to transport a chemical agent, like a drug, to a target area
- Fomite: Inanimate object that can transmit a disease.
- Etiology: The cause of a disease or condition.
- Syndrome: A group of symptoms that consistently occur together, suggesting a particular disease.
- Remission: A period when symptoms of a disease are lessened or absent.
- Resident microbiota: The typical microorganisms that permanently colonize a specific area of the body.
- Antibody: Specialized protein produced by immune system that targets specific invaders.
- Transient microbiota: A group of microorganisms that temporarily inhabit an area of the body.
- Antigen: Substance that identifies a specific object which can bind to an antibody.
Chemical Control Table
- Chemical: Glutaraldehyde
- Mechanism of Action: Damages microbial cell structures.
- Example: Household bleach
Additional Sterilization Methods
- Ethylene oxide: Gas used for sterilization in hospitals.
- Alcohols: Damage cell structures of microorganisms.
- Gamma Rays and X-rays: Damage DNA; create thymine dimers; interfere with DNA replication.
Cidal vs. Static
- Bactericidal: Kills bacteria
- Bacteriostatic: Stops bacterial growth
Susceptibility, Resistance, and Intermediate
- Resistant: Microbes do not show affect to a chemical or drug.
- Susceptible: Microbes are impacted by a chemical or drug.
-
Intermediate: Microbes demonstrate an intermediate reaction to a chemical/drug.
- Zone of Inhibition: area around the disk where bacteria is killed/stopped growing.
Modes of Action and Drugs
| Mode of Action | Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal | Drugs |
|---|---|---|
| Cell wall synthesis inhibitor | Mostly Bactericidal | |
| Protein synthesis inhibitor | Mostly Bacteriostatic | |
| Disruption of membranes | Bactericidal | |
| Nucleic acid inhibition | Mostly Bactericidal | |
| Metabolic pathway block | Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal |
Microbiology Questions
- Pathogen A vs. B Resistance: Pathogen A will have a smaller zone of inhibition.
- Broad vs Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics: Broad-spectrum antibiotics target various bacteria; narrow-spectrum antibiotics target specific bacteria.
- Antibiotic Resistance Factors: Factors contributing to antibiotic resistance include mutations, overuse, and the ability of bacteria to exchange genes.
- Portals of Entry Examples: Respiratory tract (inhalation), gastrointestinal tract (ingestion), genitourinary tract (sexual contact), breaches in the skin (open wound), and transplacental (mother to fetus).
- Signs and symptoms: Observable (sign) and felt (symptom) characteristics of a sickness.
- Biological vs. Mechanical vectors: Biological vectors (e.g., mosquitoes) transmit pathogens; mechanical vectors (e.g., flies) passively transfer pathogens.
Disease Transmission Table
| Organism | Transmission | Disease/Infection |
|---|---|---|
| Polio Virus | ||
| Bordetella pertussis | ||
| Rabies virus | ||
| Salmonella | ||
| Herpes simplex virus | ||
| Norovirus | ||
| HIV virus |
Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic
- Endemic: A disease consistently present in a population.
- Epidemic: A disease rapidly spreading in a population, surpassing the usual occurrence.
- Pandemic: A disease spreading across international borders, affecting large populations globally.
Immune Defense Lines
- 1st Line of Defense: Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes) and chemical barriers (enzymes, acids).
- 2nd Line of Defense: Inflammatory response, phagocytes, fever, and antimicrobial proteins.
- 3rd Line of Defense: Immune response, involving lymphocytes (T cells, B cells), memory of pathogens.
Immunization Types
- Naturally acquired passive immunity: Antibodies received from another source (mother’s milk)
- Naturally acquired active immunity: Antibodies generated from exposure and infection.
- Artificially acquired passive immunity: Antibodies introduced from an outside source (injection).
- Artificially acquired active immunity: Antibodies generated from a vaccine.
Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)
| Immunoglobulin | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| IgM | First antibody produced; effective in stimulating immune response; large, pentameric structure | |
| IgA | Found in secretions; protects mucosal surfaces | |
| IgD | Membrane-bound antibody; role in B cell activation | |
| IgE | Involved in allergic reactions; activates mast cells and basophils | |
| IgG | Most abundant immunoglobulin; crosses the placenta; long-lasting protection |
Disease Conditions Related to Immunity
| Condition/Disease | Causative Agents | Signs and Symptoms |
|---|---|---|
| Meningitis | ||
| Encephalitis |
Other Diseases/Conditions (from page 9)
- Conjunctivitis
- Keratitis
- Endocarditis
- Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs)
- Cellulitis
- Erysipelas
- Necrotizing fasciitis
- Appendicitis
- Acute cholecystitis
- Herpes simplex virus
Risk Factors Table
| Condition/Disease | Risk factors |
|---|---|
| Endocarditis | Pre-existing heart conditions, dental procedures, catheters, IV drug use, etc. |
Microbiology Questions (from page 10)
- Risk factors for endocarditis: Pre-existing heart conditions, dental procedures, catheters, intravenous drug use.
- Conjunctivitis pathogen: Specific pathogen not identified, but blindness could indicate severe cases.
- Meningitis and encephalitis diagnosis: Diagnosis typically includes a combination of symptoms, imaging, and examining bodily fluids.
- Hospital-associated colitis pathogen: The specific pathogen is not mentioned.
- High STIs transmission rates: Factors like multiple partners, unprotected sex, and lack of awareness about infections contribute to high transmission rates.
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Description
Test your knowledge on essential definitions related to microbial control, including sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. This quiz covers key terms and processes such as pasteurization and the role of vehicles in transporting chemical agents. Perfect for students in microbiology or related fields!
