Microbial Biotechnology (408 AMB)

<p>Ethanol production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of vaccines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleaning oil spills through biodegradation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer of nif-gene for nitrogen fixation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the application of microorganisms for commercial purposes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents the substrate from binding to the enzyme. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They kill bacteria in an irreversible manner. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They disrupt the attachment of tRNA to mRNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By blocking specific steps in DNA or RNA replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stop dividing but can resume if the antibiotic is removed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test for the presence of antimicrobial activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit growth while allowing survival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is similar to the enzyme's substrate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They insert and link new peptidoglycan monomers into breaks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding to transpeptidase enzymes to prevent reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of a cell wall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of pseudopeptidoglycan. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permeabilization of the cell membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To link peptide chains between glycan layers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of pseudopeptidoglycan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptidoglycan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broad spectrum antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotion of microorganism reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The range of microbial species affected by a specific antimicrobial agent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to their antimicrobial spectrum and chemical structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are effective against a specific group of microorganisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate the breakage of glycoside bonds and peptide cross-bridges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melting the nutrient agar medium at 100°C. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zone of inhibition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may not select antibiotic-producing microorganisms effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incubating at 15°C for 24-48 hours. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To initiate the inhibition of growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melting the nutrient agar medium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By examining the zone of inhibited growth around the colony. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms without harming the host.

Secondary metabolites produced by some microorganisms to kill or inhibit the growth of other microbes.

The range of microbial species susceptible to a specific antimicrobial agent.

Antibiotics that are active against a wide range of microorganisms.

Antibiotics that are active against a narrow range of microorganisms.

A major mechanism of action of antibiotics, targeting the bacterial cell wall.

A component of bacterial cell walls, important for their structure and function.

Bacterial enzymes that break down peptidoglycan bonds, aiding in bacterial growth and division.

Using living organisms or biological systems to make or modify products/processes, improve plants/animals, or develop microbes for specific goals.

Using microbes or microbial products to make commercial products/services through scientific/engineering techniques.

Microbial biotechnology applications in the chemical industry involve enzymes, polysaccharides, organic solvents, and organic acids.

Microbial biotechnology plays a vital role in producing antibiotics, therapeutic enzymes, vaccines, antibodies, hormones, and gene therapy.

Microbial biotechnology contributes to energy production by making ethanol and biogas (methane).

Microbial biotechnology uses yeast for baking, food additives, beverages, or single-cell proteins.

Microbial biotechnology in agriculture involves pesticides, fertilizers, and optimizing animal production.

Microbial biotechnology can biodegrade contaminants (oil, plastics) and remediate contaminated water.

The process by which bacteria build their cell walls using monomers that are transported across the cytoplasmic membrane and linked together by enzymes.

An enzyme that links new peptidoglycan monomers into the existing cell wall structure.

An enzyme responsible for forming the peptide cross-links between the glycan chains in peptidoglycan, strengthening the cell wall.

Antibiotics target different steps in peptidoglycan synthesis to inhibit bacterial cell wall formation. Examples include inhibiting transpeptidation, preventing the insertion of new monomers, or interfering with the transglycosidase enzyme.

Antibiotics weaken the cell wall by interfering with the peptidoglycan synthesis process. This can lead to the formation of a fragile cell wall that is prone to degradation.

Mycoplasma lack a peptidoglycan cell wall, making them resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.

Archaea have a different cell wall structure than bacteria. They have a pseudopeptidoglycan, which is resistant to antibiotics targeting bacterial peptidoglycan.

Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall, while archaea have a different structure called pseudopeptidoglycan, which lacks D-amino acids and N-acetylmuramic acid and is linked by a β-1,3 glycosidic bond.

How antibiotics work by targeting bacterial mechanisms like protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, or cell wall formation.

A type of antibiotic that directly kills bacteria.

A type of antibiotic that stops bacterial growth and reproduction.

Antibiotics block bacterial enzyme activity by mimicking the natural molecule that the enzyme normally uses.

A part of the ribosome in bacteria targeted by some antibiotics to block protein synthesis.

Another part of the bacterial ribosome that can be targeted by antibiotics to disrupt protein synthesis.

A technique to isolate microorganisms that produce antimicrobial compounds.

Using a test microorganism as an indicator to detect antimicrobial activity.

Serial decimal dilutions are used to decrease the concentration of microorganisms in a sample, allowing for easier isolation and identification of colonies. This helps in finding the specific antibiotic producer.

In the spot-on-lawn method, the nutrient agar medium inoculated with the test microorganism is poured as an overlay to create a uniform layer of the indicator microorganism. This allows easy visualization of the inhibition zone.

The zone of inhibition is a clear area around a colony on an agar plate where no bacterial growth occurs. This indicates the presence of an antimicrobial compound produced by the colony.

The agar diffusion method focuses on isolating antibiotic-producing microorganisms without considering the type of microorganism they are effective against, which is crucial for targeted antibiotic development.

The agar diffusion method involves inoculating the potential antibiotic-producing microorganisms into the agar medium, while the spot-on-lawn method involves spotting the producer on a pre-grown lawn of the indicator microorganism.

The incubation temperature is crucial for optimal growth of both the antibiotic producer and the indicator microorganism, ensuring clear results and accurate identification.

Aseptic conditions refer to techniques used to prevent contamination from unwanted microorganisms during the experiment. This ensures that only the intended organisms grow.