Microbes in the Environment: Viruses Overview

True (A)

oligotrophic

Oligotrophic = Organisms that derive energy and carbon from inorganic sources. Copiotrophic = Organisms that survive in nutrient-rich environments. Photoautotrophs = Organisms that derive energy from the oxidation of inorganic substances. Chemoautotrophs = Organisms that carry out photosynthesis and obtain energy from sunlight.

<p>Bacteriophages are obligate intracellular parasites that can infect bacteria and inject their DNA into the host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can replicate independently of a host cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have both DNA and RNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helical and Icosahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>virion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abiotic surfaces to human (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute = Infected cells survive for prolonged periods while new viral particles are made. Chronic = Virus replicates without noticeable symptoms. Latent = Virus present but does not produce progeny; often cause initial disease, then remain dormant until reactivated. Asymptomatic = Happens instantly, period of illness directly associated with infection, relatively short duration with rapid recovery. Oncogenic = Prolonged incubation period followed by progressive disease, may not begin with an acute period of viral multiplication. Slow = Alter function of host cell; results in malignant cancer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or 'Mad Cow Disease'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photoheterotrophs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycorrhiza</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hypha</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yeast = Multicellular, filamentous fungi Mold = Unicellular fungi Hyphae = Long, branching filamentous structure Mycelium = Collective term for hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of flagella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are prokaryotic organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They form the basis of the aquatic food chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CaCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Candida = A type of unicellular yeast known for causing infections Diatoms = Microscopic algae with silica cell walls, contributing to fossil formation Red tide = A phenomenon caused by algal blooms producing toxins that can harm aquatic life and humans Phytoplankton = Large floating communities of microscopic algae forming the base of aquatic food webs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blooms of red algae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flagellates = Flagella Amoeboid = Pseudopods Sporozoans = Spores Ciliates = Cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can survive within the host and create chronic illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>extremophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>122 degrees Celsius (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryote</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are always harmful to humans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main types of bacterial cell walls are Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an additional outer membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flagellum = Motility and attachment to surfaces Fimbriae = Cell attachment Pili = Involved in conjugation, primarily in Gram-negative bacteria Type IV pili = Twitching motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is transferred from donor to recipient through a cytoplasmic mating bridge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study of microorganisms in their natural environments.

Obligate intracellular parasites that infect living organisms and can cause diseases.

Complete virus particle with an RNA or DNA core and protein coat.

Protein coat of a virus that protects its genetic material.

Virus with an outer membrane formed by budding from the host cell.

Infection that occurs instantly with a short duration and rapid recovery.

Prolonged infection where infected cells survive while virus replicates.

Virus present in the host without producing new viruses, often dormant.

Free RNA sequences that can reproduce in hosts, different from viruses.

Infectious protein particles that cause diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

A dead bacterial cell that releases free DNA for uptake by a recipient cell.

The process of DNA transfer between bacterial cells using a bacteriophage as a vehicle.

A virus that infects bacteria by attaching and taking over the host's machinery.

Organisms that survive in environments with low nutrient availability.

Organisms that obtain energy and carbon from inorganic sources, like CO2.

Three primary classifications: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryote.

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall.

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.

Structures like flagella and pili aiding in mobility and attachment.

Filamentous prokaryotes resembling fungi, with branching hyphae.

A process where living bacteria transfer DNA through a mating bridge.

A process where a living cell takes DNA from a dead cell.

Condition caused by eating shellfish contaminated with red algae.

Excess nutrients in water lead to algae overgrowth and oxygen depletion.

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms found in various environments, some visible to the eye.

Process where protozoa become inactive, resistant cysts to survive harsh conditions.

Process of breaking down cyst walls to resume normal activity when conditions improve.

Structures in protozoa aiding in digestion, movement, and secretion.

Protozoa that have hair-like structures for movement.

Illnesses caused by protozoa include malaria and giardiasis.

Organisms that thrive in extreme physical or chemical conditions.

Type of extremophile that thrives at very high temperatures, 60-130 degrees Celsius.

Unicellular organisms that ferment anaerobically and reproduce asexually.

Eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms, can be unicellular or multicellular.

Microalgae are microscopic; macroalgae are larger, visible to the naked eye.

Also called blue-green algae, these are not true algae but bacteria.

Floating communities of microscopic algae crucial to the aquatic food chain.

Organisms that derive energy from light and use organic compounds as reducing power, like green and purple sulfur bacteria.

Morphologically similar to bacteria but genetically and biochemically distant; oldest life forms on Earth found in extreme environments.

Eukaryotic, chemoheterotrophic organisms that are diverse, found in various environments, and vital in ecological roles.

Long, branching filamentous structures in fungi that form the mycelium, the main vegetative growth mode.

The collective mass of hyphae that make up the vegetative part of a fungus.

The rigid substance in fungal cell walls providing strength, distinct from prokaryotic cell walls.

Symbiotic relationship between fungi (usually Ascomycota) and green algae or cyanobacteria.

Symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of vascular plants, aiding nutrient absorption.