NCERT - MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of environments can microbes survive in?

Only in moist areas

Extremely high temperatures and acidic conditions (correct)

Only in the presence of other life forms

They cannot survive without oxygen

Which of the following is NOT a type of microorganism mentioned?

Viruses

Protozoa

Mollusks (correct)

Fungi

What is a characteristic of bacterial colonies grown on nutritive media?

They typically require complex mediums to grow.

They form visible groups that can be observed easily. (correct)

They exclusively consist of viral organisms.

They cannot be seen with the naked eye.

Which of the following statements about microbes is incorrect?

Microbes are exclusively aquatic organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cyclosporin A?

To act as an immunosuppressive agent Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism produces statins used for cholesterol management?

Yeast from rice Signup and view all the answers

What type of agents are prions classified as?

Proteinacious infectious agents Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with the presence of microbes?

Ability to photosynthesize Signup and view all the answers

During primary treatment of sewage, which process is primarily used for removing large particles?

Mechanical filtration Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is magnified to the highest level in the provided figures?

Tobacco Mosaic Virus Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after the primary sludge is formed during sewage treatment?

It undergoes anaerobic digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes secondary sewage treatment?

It requires aeration and agitation to promote microbial activity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environments is NOT mentioned as a habitat where microbes can survive?

Deep ocean trenches Signup and view all the answers

What is the main environmental concern with directly discharging sewage into natural water bodies?

Eutrophication and pollution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microbes are primarily involved in the treatment of wastewater in STPs?

Heterotrophic microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effluent that is produced after the primary treatment of sewage?

Supernatant liquid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of aerobic microbes in sewage treatment?

To form flocs and consume organic matter Signup and view all the answers

How is BOD defined in the context of wastewater treatment?

The amount of oxygen consumed when organic matter is oxidised Signup and view all the answers

What substance is produced during the digestion of sludge by anaerobic bacteria?

Biogas Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the activated sludge after its purpose in the aeration tank?

A portion is returned as inoculum while the rest goes to anaerobic digesters Signup and view all the answers

The process of treating sewage with microbes has been practiced for how long?

Over a century Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effluent released from the secondary treatment plant?

It is typically released into natural water bodies Signup and view all the answers

Why is the reduction of BOD significant in wastewater treatment?

It decreases the polluting potential of wastewater Signup and view all the answers

What makes biogas produced from sludge digestion a viable energy source?

It is inflammable Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a floating cover in a biogas plant?

To facilitate the collection of biogas produced. Signup and view all the answers

Which organization primarily contributed to the development of biogas technology in India?

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Signup and view all the answers

What role do cyanobacteria play in paddy fields?

They serve as an important biofertiliser. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use for biogas produced in rural biogas plants?

Cooking and lighting Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the use of microbes to convert milk into curd?

Lactic acid fermentation. Signup and view all the answers

What type of waste do methanogens help to convert into biogas?

Plant waste. Signup and view all the answers

Why are biogas plants more frequently established in rural areas?

Availability of cattle dung in large quantities. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant benefit of using biofertilisers over chemical fertilisers?

They help in replenishing soil nutrients sustainably. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the outlet connected to the pipe in a biogas plant?

To supply biogas to nearby houses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microbes is specifically associated with the fermentation of dough for bread?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by biocontrol in agricultural practices?

Employing biological methods to manage pests and diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes is NOT a result of microbial activity in biogas production?

High temperatures that destroy pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What role do some microbes play in biocontrol?

They kill harmful pests without the use of toxic pesticides. Signup and view all the answers

Which industrial products can be produced by microbes?

Lactic acid, acetic acid, and alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

In what context is the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) relevant to biogas production?

They contribute to the sustainable development of rural energy systems. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is produced by useful microbes to combat infectious diseases?

Penicillin. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes primary sewage treatment?

It focuses on the physical separation of solid waste and sewage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lactic acid bacteria in foods?

They help in the production of lactic acid through fermentation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a harmful effect of untreated sewage?

Enhancement of nutrient cycles in soil. Signup and view all the answers

In a BOD test, which water sample is likely to be the most polluted?

Sample with 400 mg/L BOD. Signup and view all the answers

Which two fungal species are primarily associated with antibiotic production?

Penicillium and Aspergillus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of biofertilizers?

They provide nutrients through microbial activity. Signup and view all the answers

Why is Cyclosporin A significant in medical applications?

It is an immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplants. Signup and view all the answers

Which traditional Indian food is typically prepared using microbial fermentation?

Idli. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of prions differentiates them from other microorganisms?

They lack nucleic acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environments is least likely to support microbial life?

Highly radioactive sites Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganisms can produce disease in both plants and animals?

Viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor in the culturing of bacteria on nutritive media?

Specific nutrients facilitate growth and colony formation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms is known for its role in the production of antibiotics?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the habitat of microbes is false?

Microbes do not inhabit the human body. Signup and view all the answers

What main role do fungi play in microbial ecosystems?

Nutrient cycling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microbial forms is primarily associated with pathogenicity?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of sewage treatment primarily focused on?

Physical removal of solid particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Lactobacillus in the production of curd from milk?

Producing acids that coagulate milk proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which process is essential during the secondary treatment of sewage?

Aeration and mechanical agitation Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic pathway is primarily responsible for the carbon dioxide production in dough fermentation?

Ethyl alcohol fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What type of microbes are primarily responsible for the treatment of wastewater in sewage treatment plants?

Heterotrophic microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the different textures and flavors of cheese types?

The specific microbes used in fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to solids that settle during primary sewage treatment?

They form the primary sludge Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is involved in the fermentation of 'toddy', a traditional drink in southern India?

Zymomonas mobilis Signup and view all the answers

Which bioactive molecule is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum?

Cyclosporin A Signup and view all the answers

How do statins lower blood cholesterol levels?

By competitively inhibiting a cholesterol-synthesizing enzyme Signup and view all the answers

In the context of industrial products, which is NOT a role of microbes?

Producing synthetic chemicals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the effluent produced after the primary treatment?

It is prepared for secondary treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using traditional fermentation processes in food production?

Higher nutritional quality and unique flavors Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is primarily responsible for creating the large holes characteristic of Swiss cheese?

Propionibacterium sharmanii Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to treat sewage before disposal into natural water bodies?

To reduce organic matter and pathogens Signup and view all the answers

In fermentation processes, what is the primary role of baker's yeast?

To ferment sugars and produce CO2 for dough rising Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the floating cover in a biogas plant?

To maintain anaerobic conditions for microbial activity Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was instrumental in the development of biogas technology in India?

Indian Agricultural Research Institute Signup and view all the answers

What type of slurry is utilized as fertilizer after biogas production?

Spent slurry Signup and view all the answers

In which area are biogas plants most commonly constructed, and why?

Rural areas because of ample cattle dung supply Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily connected to the outlet in a biogas plant?

Pipe to supply biogas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes biocontrol in agriculture?

Employing biological methods to manage pests and diseases Signup and view all the answers

What primary energy source is derived from microbial activity in a biogas plant?

Methane gas Signup and view all the answers

Why is biogas production considered environmentally beneficial?

It reduces the need for fossil fuels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of methanogens in the biogas production process?

To generate methane from anaerobic digestion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases is predominantly found in biogas?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential drawback of untreated sewage being discharged into rivers?

Eutrophication leading to lower oxygen levels. Signup and view all the answers

In which part of cattle anatomy do methanogens primarily aid digestion?

Stomach Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan?

To construct sewage treatment plants to clean river water. Signup and view all the answers

What type of organic material do methanogens primarily utilize in their metabolic processes?

Cellulosic materials. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of maintaining anaerobic conditions in a biogas plant?

To optimize methane production by methanogens. Signup and view all the answers

What feature of sewage treatment plants makes them essential for managing wastewater?

Their role in the physical removal of large particles before biological treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What primary benefit do cyanobacteria provide as biofertilisers in paddy fields?

Add organic matter and fix atmospheric nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary industrial application of lactic acid produced by microbes?

Food preservation Signup and view all the answers

What role does biocontrol play in agriculture?

Utilizing microbes to manage pest populations Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for treating wastewater using microbial activity?

Aerobic decomposition of organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of beneficial microbes distinguishes them from pathogenic ones?

Production of antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using biofertilisers compared to chemical fertilisers?

Sustained soil fertility and reduced chemical reliance Signup and view all the answers

What kind of products do methanogens primarily generate during the decomposition of organic matter?

Biogas (methane) Signup and view all the answers

What key benefit do antibiotics produced by microbes offer to human health?

Combat infectious diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary belief of organic farmers regarding biodiversity?

It enhances ecosystem health and sustainability. Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is mentioned as a microbial biocontrol agent effective against butterfly caterpillars?

Bacillus thuringiensis Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the holistic approach used by organic farmers?

Management of pests through ecological balance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of beneficial predatory insects in organic farming?

They help regulate pest populations without the use of chemicals. Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of the indiscriminate use of chemical methods in conventional farming?

Elimination of beneficial organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for developing an understanding of various life forms in a field, according to organic farming principles?

To create effective biocontrol strategies. Signup and view all the answers

How do natural predators contribute to pest management in organic farming?

By maintaining pest populations at manageable levels. Signup and view all the answers

Why are weedicides considered harmful in the context of soil health?

They contribute to soil and groundwater pollution. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary metabolic pathway responsible for the production of CO2 during the fermentation of dough?

Lactic acid fermentation Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is specifically responsible for creating the holes in Swiss cheese?

Propionibacterium sharmanii Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following products commonly uses microbes in its production, leading to a significant enhancement of its nutritional profile?

Curd Signup and view all the answers

What role do lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play in human health beyond food production?

They prevent the growth of disease-causing microbes in the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

Which fermentation process primarily contributes to the production of alcoholic beverages on an industrial scale?

Alcoholic fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cheese ripening processes involving specific fungi?

They contribute to the unique flavor profile of the cheese. Signup and view all the answers

In industrial applications, what type of vessels are used to cultivate microbes for the production of various products?

Fermentors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drinks, commonly associated with certain regions of India, is made by fermenting sap from palms?

Toddy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the floating cover in a biogas plant?

To prevent gas escape and maintain pressure Signup and view all the answers

Why is cattle dung particularly suitable for biogas production in rural areas?

It is readily available and abundant Signup and view all the answers

Which two organizations were instrumental in the development of biogas technology in India?

Indian Agricultural Research Institute and Khadi and Village Industries Commission Signup and view all the answers

What potential use does the spent slurry from a biogas plant have?

It is utilized as fertilizer Signup and view all the answers

In what ways is biogas used in rural households?

For lighting and cooking Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of microbial activity in the biogas production process?

Microbial activity breaks down organic materials to produce gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the heterotrophic microbes in sewage treatment plants?

Decomposing organic matter to reduce sewage pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is biocontrol primarily focused on in agricultural practices?

Using biological methods to manage plant diseases and pests Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the process of primary treatment in sewage treatment?

Focuses on physical removal of solid particles Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes significantly to the choice of biogas plants being built in rural areas?

The abundance of organic waste from livestock Signup and view all the answers

Why is it critical to treat sewage before disposal into natural water bodies?

To reduce the presence of pathogenic microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of aeration in the secondary treatment of sewage?

To provide oxygen for aerobic microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the form of waste that settles during the primary treatment process?

Primary sludge Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes secondary sewage treatment from primary treatment?

It employs biological methods to reduce organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Which component of sewage is primarily targeted for removal during the primary treatment phase?

Physical debris and solids Signup and view all the answers

In the context of wastewater treatment, what is the primary function of the supernatant formed after primary treatment?

It undergoes further biological treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following food products is a common source of lactic acid bacteria?

Sauerkraut Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sewage treatment primarily focuses on the biological degradation of organic material?

Secondary treatment Signup and view all the answers

How do biofertilizers contribute to soil fertility?

By fixing atmospheric nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following water samples is expected to have the highest biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?

Untreated sewage water Signup and view all the answers

In which way can microbes be utilized as an alternative energy source?

Producing ethanol and biogas from organic waste Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is primarily responsible for the production of the immunosuppressive drug Cyclosporin A?

Tolypocladium inflatum Signup and view all the answers

Which traditional Indian food is associated with the fermentation process involving microbes?

Idli Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of secondary sewage treatment?

To degrade organic matter using microbes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is primarily responsible for the production of methane in anaerobic environments?

Methanogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the main gas produced during the fermentation of organic materials by methanogens?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of methanogens in the rumen of cattle benefit the animals?

By aiding in the digestion of cellulose in their diet. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'gobar gas' primarily derived from?

The excreta of cattle rich in methanogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial role of the concrete tank in a biogas plant?

To collect and digest bio-wastes with slurry. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the untreated sewage often discharged directly into rivers?

The number of sewage treatment plants is inadequate. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major environmental impact of untreated sewage being released into rivers?

Pollution leading to water-borne diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin?

He observed mould inhibiting bacterial growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist(s) significantly established the full potential of Penicillin as an effective antibiotic?

Ernest Chain and Howard Florey Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of antibiotic production from microbes?

Lactobacillus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acids is specifically produced by Acetobacter aceti?

Acetic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Streptokinase in medical treatments?

It is used to dissolve blood clots. Signup and view all the answers

During which historical event was Penicillin extensively utilized?

World War II Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme from microbes is commonly used in detergent formulations?

Lipase Signup and view all the answers

What was the year when Fleming, Chain, and Florey received the Nobel Prize for their discovery?

1945 Signup and view all the answers

What type of alcoholic beverages are produced without the process of distillation?

Beer and wine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the fermentation process?

To produce ethanol from sugars Signup and view all the answers

How does the etymology of the term 'antibiotic' reflect its function?

It denotes a compound that acts against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to be produced by the fermentation of fruit juices?

Whisky Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact have antibiotics had on society?

Lowered mortality rates from infectious diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes the fermentation process used to produce spirits like whisky and rum?

They must undergo distillation after fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason antibiotics are considered 'pro life' in the context of human health?

They combat harmful microorganisms that cause disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the fermentation process when using malted cereals?

Production of ethanol Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do baculoviruses offer when used as biological control agents?

They are species-specific and have no harmful effects on non-target organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the fungus Trichoderma play in agriculture?

It is used for biological control of plant pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary disadvantage of using chemical fertilizers?

They can lead to environmental pollution. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of microorganisms is primarily responsible for enriching soil nitrogen through symbiotic relationships with plants?

Bacteria such as Rhizobium in root nodules Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of biofertilizers is to:

Enhance the soil's nutrient quality through biological means. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of using Bt-cotton in agriculture?

It provides resistance against specific insect pests. Signup and view all the answers

Which fungi are known to form beneficial associations with plant roots to improve phosphorus uptake?

Fungi from the genus Glomus Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the ecological implications of using baculoviruses in pest management?

They support integrated pest management by preserving beneficial insects. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which statins lower blood cholesterol levels?

Competitively inhibiting the cholesterol-synthesis enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganisms are predominantly involved in the biological treatment of sewage during secondary treatment?

Heterotrophic microbes Signup and view all the answers

During primary sewage treatment, what is the result of sedimentation?

Separation of floating debris Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to treat sewage before discharging it into natural water bodies?

To prevent the spread of pathogenic microbes Signup and view all the answers

What type of waste water primarily constitutes municipal sewage?

Domestic wastewater containing human excreta Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the sewage treatment process primarily addresses the physical removal of particles?

Filtration and sedimentation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the supernatant after primary sewage treatment?

It is sent for secondary biological treatment Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi like Trichoderma polysporum contribute to medical applications?

By generating immunosuppressive agents like cyclosporin A Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of reducing BOD in wastewater treatment?

To decrease the polluting potential of the wastewater Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of microbes in sewage treatment?

They form flocs, consuming organic material and reducing BOD. Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria are primarily responsible for producing biogas during the digestion of sludge?

Anaerobic bacteria Signup and view all the answers

In a BOD test, which water sample is most likely to have the highest biological oxygen demand value?

Untreated sewage water Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the majority of activated sludge after it has been used in the aeration tank?

It is sent to anaerobic sludge digesters. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best defines sewage?

Wastewater that contains a combination of human waste, food scraps, and chemicals Signup and view all the answers

Which process follows the aeration tank in the wastewater treatment system?

Sedimentation in settling tanks Signup and view all the answers

How does the BOD test indirectly measure the organic matter in water?

By measuring the rate of oxygen uptake by microorganisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following pairs represents fungi used in the production of antibiotics?

Aspergillus and Penicillium Signup and view all the answers

Which compound, produced by microbes, is primarily responsible for controlling harmful bacteria?

Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is activated sludge primarily composed of?

Aggregated masses of bacteria and fungal filaments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes biogas produced during sludge digestion?

It consists of a mixture of gases, including methane and carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between primary and secondary sewage treatment?

Primary treatment solely removes physical impurities while secondary removes biological contaminants Signup and view all the answers

What role do biofertilizers play in the agricultural sector?

They facilitate nitrogen fixation and soil fertility Signup and view all the answers

Why is the use of lactic acid bacteria significant in food production?

They contribute to the sour flavor and preservation of dairy products Signup and view all the answers

Which beneficial application of lactic acid bacteria is incorrect?

Conversion of sugars into alcohol Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with the initial discovery of Penicillin?

Alexander Fleming Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Penicillin during World War II?

It was used to treat wounded American soldiers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product derived from the microbial fermentation process?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is responsible for the production of lactic acid?

Lactobacillus Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary contribution of Ernest Chain and Howard Florey to the field of antibiotics?

Establishing Penicillin as an effective antibiotic. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lipases in commercial applications?

Removing oily stains from laundry. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is used to clarify bottled fruit juices?

Pectinase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics was recognized for its significant medicinal development after Penicillin?

Streptomycin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary gas produced by methanogens during the breakdown of organic materials?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

What role do methanogens play in the rumen of cattle?

Breaking down cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for the functioning of a biogas plant?

Concrete tank for bio-wastes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan?

They are initiatives to build more sewage treatment plants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary waste input for biogas production from cattle?

Animal dung Signup and view all the answers

How does untreated sewage directly affect rivers?

It leads to pollution and water-borne diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What type of substrates do methanogens primarily utilize?

Cellulosic materials Signup and view all the answers

Which gas is predominantly found in biogas produced during anaerobic digestion?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

Which microbial process results in the production of carbon dioxide during dough fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is primarily known for producing the large holes in Swiss cheese?

Propionibacterium shermanii Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using fermentors in industrial microbiology?

To synthesize antibiotics and beverages on a large scale Signup and view all the answers

During the primary treatment of sewage, which material is primarily removed through sedimentation?

Grit such as soil and small pebbles Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of sewage treatment are heterotrophic microbes most actively involved?

Secondary treatment Signup and view all the answers

How does the addition of curd as a starter affect the conversion of milk to curd?

It provides a significant population of lactic acid bacteria for fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What type of fermentation is typically used in the production of traditional 'toddy'?

Alcoholic fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial outcome of the primary sewage treatment process?

Primary sludge Signup and view all the answers

What key benefit do lactic acid bacteria provide in the human digestive system?

They inhibit the growth of disease-causing microbes Signup and view all the answers

Which fungi produce cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressive agent?

Trichoderma polysporum Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aeration tanks in the sewage treatment process?

To promote the breakdown of organic matter by aerobic microbes Signup and view all the answers

Which product is NOT typically associated with microbial fermentation?

Bottled water Signup and view all the answers

Which step directly follows the removal of floating debris in the primary sewage treatment process?

Sedimentation to remove grit Signup and view all the answers

Why is cattle dung particularly significant in the context of biogas production?

It is readily available in rural areas Signup and view all the answers

Which organization played a key role in the development of biogas technology in India?

Indian Agricultural Research Institute Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of the biogas produced from biogas plants?

Cooking and lighting Signup and view all the answers

What does BOD indicate in the context of wastewater treatment?

The amount of oxygen consumed by organic matter Signup and view all the answers

What type of outlet is used to remove spent slurry from a biogas plant?

Liquid outlet Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the purpose of anaerobic sludge digesters?

To digest bacteria and fungi using anaerobic bacteria Signup and view all the answers

In what way does biocontrol differ from traditional pest control methods?

It employs natural predators or pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What type of gases are produced during the digestion of activated sludge?

Methane and hydrogen sulphide Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable advantage of using microbes for biocontrol compared to chemical methods?

They reduce chemical dependency and environmental impact Signup and view all the answers

How is activated sludge reused in the wastewater treatment process?

A portion is returned as inoculum to the aeration tank Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the rising of slurry in a biogas tank have during gas production?

It allows for gas trapping in the cover Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of wastewater signifies a higher pollution potential?

Higher BOD levels Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary benefits of using microbial treatment for sewage over man-made technologies?

It has been proven to be more sustainable over time Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the growth of aerobic microbes in sewage treatment?

Presence of organic matter and sufficient oxygen supply Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the effluent after the BOD is significantly reduced?

It is released directly into natural water bodies Signup and view all the answers

What type of yeast is commonly used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices to produce ethanol?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Signup and view all the answers

Which alcoholic drinks are produced without distillation?

Wine Signup and view all the answers

In which sense do antibiotics produced by microbes function with respect to human beings?

Pro life Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the combination of the Greek words 'anti' and 'bio' in the context of antibiotics?

Against life Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between the processes used to produce whisky and beer?

Distillation of the fermented broth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is primarily treated using antibiotics derived from microbes?

Infectious diseases Signup and view all the answers

What type of fermentation process is used to create brandy?

Distilled fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anti' in the context of antibiotics primarily signify?

Protection against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms includes only microscopic forms?

Protozoa and viroids Signup and view all the answers

What type of microbes can survive in extreme environments like thermal vents?

Thermophiles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bacterial colonies is accurate?

They can develop on nutritive media. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the vast diversity of microbial life?

Varied nutritional requirements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes prions?

Infectious protein agents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding terrestrial and aquatic microbes is false?

Aquatic microbes require more nutrients than terrestrial ones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the bacterial flagella structure?

To enable movement Signup and view all the answers

Which environments are least likely to harbor microbial life?

Highly sterile, artificial environments Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic process primarily contributes to the production of CO2 during dough fermentation?

Anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes Swiss cheese from other cheese types?

Presence of large holes Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is primarily responsible for the fermentation of milk into curd?

Lactobacillus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a traditional drink made through microbial fermentation?

Toddy Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is specifically used for fermenting dough to make bread?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Signup and view all the answers

What role do LAB play in the human digestive system?

They suppress harmful microbes. Signup and view all the answers

How does curd improve the nutritional quality of milk?

By increasing vitamin B12. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fermentors in industrial applications involving microbes?

To synthesize and grow microbes on a large scale. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used in sewage treatment to remove floating debris?

Filtration Signup and view all the answers

Which enzymatic action do statins inhibit to lower blood cholesterol levels?

Synthesis of cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

In secondary sewage treatment, what is the primary purpose of aeration tanks?

To provide mechanical agitation and introduce air Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are primarily involved in treating waste water through biological processes?

Heterotrophic microbes Signup and view all the answers

During the primary treatment of sewage, what is the material that settles to form primary sludge?

Inorganic grit and larger particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of sewage treatment before disposing of effluent into natural water bodies?

To reduce the pollution potential Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cyclosporin A is accurate?

It acts as an immunosuppressive agent. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of municipal wastewater that presents treatment challenges?

Organic matter and pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of biogas produced by microbial activity?

Predominantly methane Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is responsible for the production of methane in anaerobic conditions?

Methanogens Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason untreated sewage is dumped into rivers?

Insufficient sewage treatment plants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a proposed benefit of building more sewage treatment plants?

Increased carbon emissions Signup and view all the answers

What role do methanogens play in the digestive system of cattle?

They help break down cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Why is dung considered rich in bacteria useful for biogas production?

It is high in cellulosic material Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of a biogas plant?

It has a concrete tank for waste collection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans?

They aim to reduce pollution in major rivers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a core belief of organic farmers regarding biodiversity?

Biodiversity contributes to a sustainable ecosystem. Signup and view all the answers

Which pesticide alternative relies on the natural ecosystem for pest management?

Biological control methods Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Ladybird beetle in organic farming?

To act as a biocontrol agent against aphids. Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) target in pest control?

Butterfly caterpillar larvae. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the indiscriminate use of weedicides considered harmful?

It leads to soil and groundwater pollution. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of eradicating pests completely from an ecosystem?

Decreased food supply for predatory insects. Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect involves the understanding of life forms in biological control practices?

Identifying predator-prey relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What ecological principle underlies the management of pest populations in organic farming?

Complex systems of checks and balances. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following food products is most commonly associated with lactic acid bacteria?

Sauerkraut Signup and view all the answers

Which key benefit do microbes provide in the context of biofertilizers?

Enhancement of soil microbial diversity Signup and view all the answers

What role do microbes play in the production of biogas?

They ferment organic waste into methane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant potential impact of untreated sewage on human health?

Spread of waterborne diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to demonstrate the presence of microbes in a laboratory setting?

Microscopy Signup and view all the answers

Which two fungal species are renowned for their role in antibiotic production?

Penicillium chrysogenum and Cephalosporium acremonium Signup and view all the answers

Which traditional Indian food involves the use of microbial fermentation?

Idli Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is specifically responsible for the production of CO2 in Swiss cheese?

Propionibacterium sharmanii Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary metabolic process occurring when dough ferments for making bread?

Anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which ingredient is commonly used as a starter culture to make curd from milk?

Lactobacillus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles do lactic acid bacteria play in the human digestive system?

Supporting the immune system by inhibiting pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What product is derived from the fermentation of fermented palm sap in southern India?

Toddy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the use of microbes in industrial product synthesis?

They generate less waste compared to chemical processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism is commonly used in the fermentation of fish and soybeans?

Aspergillus oryzae Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the unique characteristics of different varieties of cheese?

Specific microbes used during fermentation influence texture and flavor. Signup and view all the answers

What type of fermentation process is specifically used to produce whisky, brandy, and rum?

Fermentation followed by distillation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the meaning of the word 'antibiotic'?

Against disease-causing microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the production of alcoholic beverages?

Fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices to produce ethanol Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the production of wine and beer is accurate?

They can be produced using fermented fruit juices without distillation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how antibiotics function?

They kill or inhibit the growth of harmful microbes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following alcoholic beverages is the outcome of fermentation without subsequent distillation?

Beer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of reducing the BOD in sewage treatment?

To decrease the oxygen consumption and thus pollution potential Signup and view all the answers

In the context of antibiotic production, what does the Greek root 'anti' imply?

Against disease-causing organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which gas produced during the digestion of sludge is considered inflammable and can be used as a source of energy?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the activated sludge after it is separated from the effluent?

A portion is recycled to aid in aeration tank inoculation Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the production methods of wine and beer from that of whisky, brandy, and rum?

Fermentation and distillation Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for the formation of bacterial flocs in sewage treatment?

Aerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the major portion of activated sludge following secondary sewage treatment?

It is sent to anaerobic sludge digesters for further processing Signup and view all the answers

How does the reduction of BOD indirectly measure the organic matter present in wastewater?

By measuring the oxygen uptake by microorganisms over a period Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is primarily responsible for the anaerobic digestion of sludge, resulting in biogas production?

Methanogenic bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What significant role do microbial processes play in wastewater treatment facilities worldwide?

They enable the breakdown of organic matter and reduce pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of biological control in agriculture?

To maintain pest populations at manageable levels through natural predation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the belief of organic farmers regarding biodiversity?

Biodiversity contributes to a more sustainable and healthy farming environment. Signup and view all the answers

What does the practice of biocontrol aim to reduce in agricultural practices?

Dependence on synthetic chemical pesticides Signup and view all the answers

Which method is utilized in biocontrol to manage specific pests like butterfly caterpillars?

Microbial agents such as Bacillus thuringiensis Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between organic farming practices and conventional farming practices?

Conventional farming often uses chemicals to indiscriminately kill both useful and harmful organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Ladybird and Dragonflies in agriculture is true?

They play a significant role in controlling pest populations. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it deemed undesirable to eradicate all pest species according to organic farming principles?

Eradicating pests can disrupt the natural balance that supports various beneficial insects. Signup and view all the answers

What consequence can arise from relying heavily on toxic chemicals in agriculture?

Contamination of soil and water systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of introducing B.thuringiensis toxin genes into plants?

To make plants resistant to insect pests Signup and view all the answers

Which fungal species is recognized as an effective biocontrol agent for plant pathogens?

Trichoderma Signup and view all the answers

What is true about baculoviruses used in biological control?

They have no adverse effects on beneficial insects Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of chemical fertilizers that has led to a shift towards biofertilizers?

They contribute to environmental pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mycorrhizal fungi, such as those in the genus Glomus, in plant health?

To absorb and transfer phosphorus to plants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria can fix nitrogen while living freely in the soil?

Azospirillum Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of integrated pest management does using species-specific biocontrol agents like baculoviruses support?

Conservation of beneficial insect populations Signup and view all the answers

Which biofertilizer is specifically associated with forming symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants?

Rhizobium Signup and view all the answers

What is one specific benefit that plants with fungal associations gain?

Resistance to root-borne pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups of organisms is not classified as a microbe?

Mosses Signup and view all the answers

Which function do cyanobacteria serve in paddy fields?

Fixing atmospheric nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic allows certain microbes to thrive in extreme environments such as thermal vents?

Thermophilic adaptations Signup and view all the answers

What role do lactic acid bacteria play in food production?

Converting milk into curd Signup and view all the answers

Which product is primarily associated with the activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

Bread Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method of culturing microbes for study?

Inoculating on nutritive media Signup and view all the answers

What disease-related role do microbes play in the environment?

Causing diseases in living organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge associated with the widespread use of chemical fertilizers?

Water run-off leading to pollution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding prions is accurate?

They are infectious proteins that can induce abnormal folding of normal proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a biocontrol method involving microbes?

Employing pathogens to target pests Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant characteristic that differentiates bacteria from viruses?

Bacteria are cellular organisms, while viruses are not. Signup and view all the answers

How do antibiotics produced by microbes contribute to human health?

By attacking disease-causing microbes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant benefit derived from the use of biogas produced by methanogens?

Source of renewable energy Signup and view all the answers

Which of these environments is least likely to support microbial growth?

Open deserts with extreme temperatures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the diversity of microbes is correct?

Microbes include a variety of forms, from single-celled bacteria to complex viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Trichoderma species is accurate?

They are commonly found in root ecosystems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Baculoviruses in agricultural biological control?

To target and kill specific insect pests. Signup and view all the answers

Which biofertilizer is known for its symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants?

Rhizobium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms contributes significantly to the development of mycorrhiza in plants?

Glomus species Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a significant advantage of using biofertilizers over chemical fertilizers?

They contribute to soil nutrient enrichment sustainably. Signup and view all the answers

What potential risks are associated with the excessive use of chemical fertilizers?

Contamination of water bodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which method allows certain bacteria to fix nitrogen while living independently in the soil?

Free-living fixation Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is particularly desirable when using baculoviruses in pest management?

They have no negative impact on non-target organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Lactobacillus in the production of curd from milk?

It partially digests milk proteins and produces acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is specifically associated with the production of gas that contributes to the puffed-up appearance of dough?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the large holes found in Swiss cheese?

They result from CO2 production by Propionibacterium sharmanii. Signup and view all the answers

What type of industrial products are commonly synthesized using microbes?

Beverages and antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

What enhances the nutritional quality of curd compared to fresh milk?

Enrichment with vitamin B12. Signup and view all the answers

How does the fermentation of sap from palms differ from other microbial fermentation processes?

It results in a traditional drink called Toddy. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential requirement for growing microbes on an industrial scale?

Cultivation in very large vessels called fermentors. Signup and view all the answers

What type of fermentation is utilized in making dosa and idli dough?

Lactic acid fermentation. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the food that is primarily associated with lactic acid bacteria.

Yogurt Signup and view all the answers

Which species of fungus are known for producing antibiotics?

Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus nidulans Signup and view all the answers

Determine the primary method used in secondary sewage treatment.

Biological degradation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is most likely released during the metabolism of microbes in anaerobic conditions?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sewage requires the highest Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) level?

Untreated sewage Signup and view all the answers

What are biofertilisers known to improve in soil?

Nutrient availability Signup and view all the answers

Identify which characteristic is key in distinguishing primary from secondary sewage treatment.

Focus on organic matter removal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using microbes to produce biogas?

Reduction of solid waste Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which statins produced by Monascus purpureus lower blood cholesterol levels?

Competing with enzyme activity involved in cholesterol synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is formed during the primary treatment of sewage, specifically after solid particles have settled?

Primary sludge Signup and view all the answers

In sewage treatment plants, what role do heterotrophic microbes play during the treatment process?

They primarily assist in the aerobic breakdown of organic matter Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main stages involved in the treatment of waste water?

Primary and secondary treatments Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to treat sewage before discharging it into natural water bodies?

To prevent the proliferation of harmful pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the aeration tanks during the secondary treatment of sewage?

Aerobic bacteria metabolize organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Which type of waste is a major component of municipal sewage?

Human excreta and organic matter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the primary treatment step in sewage treatment?

To physically remove solid particles from sewage Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for producing methane in sewage treatment plants?

Methanogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of untreated sewage being discharged into rivers?

Rise in water-borne diseases Signup and view all the answers

In what way do methanogens contribute to the diet of cattle?

They break down cellulose in the rumen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary gas component in biogas produced from sewage?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

Why is the dung of cattle (gobar) significant in biogas production?

It contains methanogens that facilitate gas production. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of the biogas plant’s structure?

It has a deep concrete tank for anaerobic digestion. Signup and view all the answers

What type of substrate do methanogens primarily utilize for producing biogas?

Cellulosic material Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial observation that led to the discovery of Penicillin?

A mould inhibited the growth of Staphylococci bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Who contributed to establishing the full potential of Penicillin as an effective antibiotic?

Ernest Chain and Howard Florey Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is known for producing citric acid?

Aspergillus niger Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules do Streptokinase and lipases represent in biomedical applications?

Clot-busters and enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases was notably treated with Penicillin during World War II?

Staphylococcal infections Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of Lactobacillus in food processing?

Producing lactic acid for cheese ripening Signup and view all the answers

In industrial applications, which of the following is NOT produced by microbes?

Nitric acid Signup and view all the answers

Which Nobel Prize winners were recognized for their work on Penicillin?

Alexander Fleming, Ernest Chain, and Howard Florey Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source used for cooking in rural areas where biogas plants are commonly built?

Biogas Signup and view all the answers

Why is it significant that cattle dung is frequently utilized in biogas plants?

It is abundant in rural areas. Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is noted for its contributions to biogas production technology in India?

Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) Signup and view all the answers

What type of yeast is primarily used for the fermentation of beverages such as wine and beer?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Signup and view all the answers

What is one notable benefit of using spent slurry from biogas plants?

It serves as a natural fertilizer. Signup and view all the answers

Which alcoholic beverages are produced through distillation?

Whisky and rum Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of biogas production is primarily influenced by microbial activity?

Rate of gas production Signup and view all the answers

What does biocontrol refer to in the context of agriculture?

Utilizing biological methods to manage plant pests and diseases Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'antibiotic' mean in Greek?

Against life Signup and view all the answers

In what settings are biogas plants typically established, as per the discussed context?

Rural areas with access to cattle dung Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the production of antibiotics is true?

Antibiotics can kill or inhibit the growth of other microbes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true regarding fermented beverages?

All require distillation for production. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose for which biogas is used?

Fertilizer production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of antibiotics on human beings?

They prevent or treat infections. Signup and view all the answers

What critical process differentiates the production of whisky from that of beer?

The requirement of distillation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of alcoholic beverage does not undergo distillation during production?

Beer Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms among the following contains only unicellular microbes?

Bacteria and protozoa Signup and view all the answers

In which extreme conditions are microbes known to thrive?

Thermal vents and acidic environments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding microbial colonies grown on nutritive media?

They can be used for studying a variety of microbial interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is involved in the growth of fungi in laboratory settings?

Nutritive media cultivation Signup and view all the answers

What type of microbial entities are prions classified as?

Infectious proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environments would be least suitable for microbial growth?

Extremely cold polar regions Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is unique to microscopic viruses compared to bacteria and fungi?

Lack of a cellular structure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microbial activity is primarily responsible for the diseases caused in humans?

Virulent strains of pathogenic microbes Signup and view all the answers

Which approach best illustrates the role of microbes in reducing the need for chemical fertilizers?

Promoting natural nitrogen fixation in soil by certain bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

In the BOD test, which of the following samples represents the least polluted water when considering the recorded values of 20mg/L, 8mg/L, and 400mg/L?

The sample with 8mg/L BOD value. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to the primary distinction between primary and secondary sewage treatment?

Primary treatment focuses on removing large particles while secondary treatment targets dissolved organic matter. Signup and view all the answers

Which traditional Indian food is known to involve microbial fermentation?

Idli Signup and view all the answers

Which beneficial application is associated with lactic acid bacteria?

They aid in the fermentation of dairy products. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microbes is directly related to the production of Cyclosporin A?

Tolypocladium Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the process of generating biogas using microbes?

Microbes decompose organic matter anaerobically to produce methane. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of microbes in the context of sewage treatment?

Microbes oxidize organic matter to reduce nutrient levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms is NOT classified as a microbe?

Plants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that defines prions among other microbes?

Infectious proteins without nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of these environments is most likely unsuitable for microbial life?

Complete vacuum of outer space Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the mould discovered by Alexander Fleming?

It inhibited the growth of Staphylococci bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly reflects the development of Penicillin as an antibiotic?

It was further researched and developed by Chain and Florey. Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopic entity primarily causes diseases in humans and plants?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor for the cultivation of bacteria on nutritive media?

Correct temperature and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is known to produce citric acid commercially?

Aspergillus niger Signup and view all the answers

What type of enzyme is specifically mentioned as being used to clarify bottled fruit juices?

Pectinase Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe the visible groups formed by bacteria when grown on nutritional media?

Colonies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics was introduced after Penicillin?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

In what conditions can microbes be found thriving despite extreme temperatures?

In thermal vents and acidic environments Signup and view all the answers

What role does Streptokinase play in medical treatment?

It is used as a clot buster for thrombolysis. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ability of microbes to exist in various extreme environments significant?

It highlights their adaptability and ecological importance. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is not typically associated with antibiotics?

Broad-spectrum effectiveness against viruses Signup and view all the answers

Which acid is produced by Lactobacillus in the food industry?

Lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary component of biogas produced by microbial activity?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is specifically known for producing methane during anaerobic digestion?

Methanobacterium Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of the Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan?

Construct more sewage treatment plants Signup and view all the answers

What type of organic material do methanogens primarily utilize?

Cellulosic material Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the animal's body are methanogenic bacteria primarily found?

Rumen Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of a typical biogas plant's design?

A concrete tank that is 10-15 feet deep Signup and view all the answers

What effect does untreated sewage have on rivers?

Decreases biodiversity in aquatic life Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following alcoholic beverages is produced through distillation?

Whisky Signup and view all the answers

What role do methanogens play in the digestion process within cattle?

They help break down cellulose for nutrient absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary microbial agent used in the fermentation of malted cereals and fruit juices to produce ethanol?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the effect of antibiotics on disease-causing organisms?

Antimicrobial Signup and view all the answers

What does the Greek root 'anti' in the term antibiotic refer to?

Against Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the nature of antibiotics?

They are chemical substances produced by some microbes. Signup and view all the answers

How are whisky, brandy, and rum produced differently from wine and beer?

They are produced through distillation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant implication of the discovery of antibiotics for human society?

It significantly improved health outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with the use of antibiotics?

Support for immune system development Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary benefits that association with fungi provides to plants?

Drought tolerance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of cyanobacteria in paddy fields?

Fixing atmospheric nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which product of microbes is used to treat sewage and assists in water recycling?

Activated sludge Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using biofertilizers over chemical fertilizers?

They enhance soil fertility sustainably Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary philosophy of organic farmers regarding pest management?

Promote biodiversity to maintain natural balance Signup and view all the answers

What process allows yeast like Saccharomyces cerevisiae to be used in bread making?

Ethanol fermentation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the use of chemical pesticides?

They can lead to ecosystem imbalances Signup and view all the answers

Which microbial product has significantly reduced the incidence of infectious diseases?

Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

Which microbial agent is commonly used for biocontrol of butterfly caterpillars?

Bacillus thuringiensis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles is NOT associated with biocontrol in agriculture?

Promotion of chemical pesticide use Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of methanogens in waste management?

Producing methane from organic waste Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the successful implementation of biological pest control methods?

Understanding the life cycles and feeding patterns of insects Signup and view all the answers

How do organic farmers view pests in relation to the ecosystem?

As crucial components that support biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

Which insect is known for controlling aphid populations in agricultural practices?

Ladybird Signup and view all the answers

What negative consequence can result from the indiscriminate use of weedicides?

Diminished biodiversity in the soil Signup and view all the answers

What role does biodiversity play in agricultural sustainability according to organic practices?

It enhances ecosystem resilience and health Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation of milk?

They convert milk proteins and produce acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which gas is primarily responsible for the puffed-up appearance of fermented dough?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes different varieties of cheese?

The microbes used for fermentation. Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is commonly used in the fermentation process to produce alcoholic beverages?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic process occurs during the fermentation of sap to make 'Toddy'?

Anaerobic fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using fermentors in industrial applications?

To cultivate microbes for product synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of 'Swiss cheese' linked to its production?

Large holes due to carbon dioxide production Signup and view all the answers

In which food item can you find fermentation processes besides dairy products?

Sourdough bread Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the composition of microbial kingdoms is accurate?

Microbes include organisms from various kingdoms including bacteria and viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic most distinguishes prions from other microbial entities?

Prions are infectious agents made of protein without nucleic acids. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the study of cultures of bacteria and fungi on nutritive media significant?

It provides insights into microbial behavior and growth patterns. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environments is least tolerant to microbial life?

Highly acidic environments such as acid lakes. Signup and view all the answers

What role do microbes play in biogas production?

They facilitate the decomposition of organic waste into methane. Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary reason for the presence of microbes in extreme environments?

Their capability to adapt to specific stressors such as high temperature or acidity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes how microbes are beneficial in agriculture?

They enhance soil fertility and are used in biofertilizers. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best illustrates the role of microbes in human health?

Some microbes are essential for digestion and immune function. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the connection between biogas plants and rural areas?

Biogas plants are often constructed in rural areas where cattle are utilized. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key functions of the spent slurry removed from a biogas plant?

It can be utilized as fertilizer. Signup and view all the answers

Which organizations played a major role in developing biogas technology in India?

Indian Agricultural Research Institute and Khadi and Village Industries Commission Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use for biogas generated in rural biogas plants?

Cooking and providing lighting Signup and view all the answers

How does biocontrol differ from conventional pest management methods?

It uses biological methods to manage plant diseases and pests. Signup and view all the answers

Why is microbial activity essential in the process of biogas production?

Microbes break down organic matter to produce gas. Signup and view all the answers

What advances the process of biogas production in rural locations?

The collection of livestock waste in large quantities. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major benefits of the association between plants and fungi?

Enhanced resistance to root-borne pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What function do cyanobacteria primarily serve in paddy fields?

Fixing atmospheric nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a use of bacteria that undergo fermentation?

Converting milk into yogurt Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of B.thuringiensis toxin genes in genetically engineered plants?

To provide resistance against insect pests Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of Trichoderma species in agriculture?

They compete with harmful plant pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is one ecological role of methanogens?

Producing methane from organic compounds Signup and view all the answers

Which microbial role directly helps reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides in agriculture?

Biocontrol of harmful pests Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly characterizes baculoviruses as biocontrol agents?

They are highly specific to certain insect species Signup and view all the answers

What key benefit do biofertilisers provide over chemical fertilizers?

They contribute to the long-term health of soil ecosystems Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable impact of using biofertilizers compared to chemical fertilizers?

Reduction of soil nutrient depletion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the action of antibiotics produced by microbes?

They combat disease-causing harmful microbes Signup and view all the answers

How do mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants in their symbiotic relationship?

By enhancing nutrient and water absorption from soil Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microbes is recognized for fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil?

Azospirillum Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fermentation is responsible for the elasticity and flavor of certain types of cheese?

Lactic acid fermentation Signup and view all the answers

Which is a possible ecological concern when using chemical fertilisers in agriculture?

They may cause water pollution through runoff Signup and view all the answers

What ecological advantage is associated with utilizing baculoviruses in pest management?

They have no negative effects on non-target organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for statins produced by Monascus purpureus?

Competing with the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of primary sewage treatment?

Aeration of the effluent Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganisms are primarily responsible for the biological treatment of sewage?

Heterotrophic microbes Signup and view all the answers

During secondary sewage treatment, what is the purpose of pumping air into the aeration tanks?

To supply oxygen for microbial metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What forms as a result of sedimentation during the primary treatment of sewage?

Primary sludge Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the overall goal of sewage treatment in STPs?

To reduce pollutants to a safe level for natural water bodies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes primarily occurs in secondary sewage treatment?

Aerobic degradation of organic matter Signup and view all the answers

What is the major challenge associated with directly discharging untreated sewage into natural water bodies?

Depletion of dissolved oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of statins in lowering blood cholesterol levels?

Blocking cholesterol synthesis in the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of secondary sewage treatment utilizing large aeration tanks?

To promote mechanical agitation and aerate the wastewater Signup and view all the answers

Which step in primary sewage treatment involves the removal of soil and small pebbles?

Sedimentation Signup and view all the answers

Which fungus is known for producing cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressive agent?

Trichoderma polysporum Signup and view all the answers

What type of sludge formation occurs after the primary treatment of sewage?

Primary sludge Signup and view all the answers

Why is direct disposal of untreated sewage into natural water bodies problematic?

It introduces pathogens and reduces water quality Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the mechanical agitation process in aeration tanks?

Aerobic microbes break down organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Statins are derived from which microorganism?

Monascus purpureus Signup and view all the answers

What role do Lactobacillus and other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play in the production of curd?

They produce acids that coagulate and partially digest milk proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which gas is primarily responsible for the puffed-up appearance of dough when making idli and dosa?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is used in the fermentation process to produce Swiss cheese?

Propionibacterium shermanii Signup and view all the answers

Which alcoholic beverages are typically produced without distillation?

Wine and beer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antibiotics produced by microbes?

To kill or inhibit the growth of disease-causing organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method used to produce traditional drinks like 'toddy'?

Fermentation of sap from palms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of fermentors in industrial applications involving microbes?

To grow microbes on an industrial scale for product synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the term 'antibiotic'?

A microbial product that can kill or slow down other microbes Signup and view all the answers

How do lactic acid bacteria contribute to improving the nutritional quality of curd?

By enhancing the vitamin B12 levels in the curd. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the role of the term 'anti' in antibiotics?

Against life in disease context Signup and view all the answers

In the production of alcoholic beverages, what does the term 'fermentation' imply?

The metabolic process converting sugars to alcohol and gas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT associated with microbial fermentation?

Boiling grains to remove toxins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of using specific fungi in the ripening of 'Roquefort cheese'?

To provide a unique flavor profile. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the distinction between the production of wine/beer and spirits like whisky/brandy?

The necessity of distillation after fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What type of process is responsible for the production of ethanol in brewing?

Fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of aerobic microbes in the sewage treatment process?

To form bacterial flocs that consume organic matter Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher BOD in wastewater indicate?

Increased potential for environmental pollution Signup and view all the answers

What role does activated sludge play in the sewage treatment process?

It is used to inoculate aerobic microbes Signup and view all the answers

Which gases are produced during the anaerobic digestion of sludge?

Methane and hydrogen sulfide Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to the effluent after the secondary treatment in sewage processing?

It is released into natural water bodies Signup and view all the answers

How do anaerobic sludge digesters specifically contribute to energy production?

By producing biogas from bacterial digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of actively managing BOD levels in wastewater treatment?

It ensures sufficient oxygen for aquatic organisms Signup and view all the answers

What has been the primary method of sewage treatment utilized globally for over a century?

Microbial treatment processes Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is primarily responsible for the production of methane in sewage treatment?

Methanobacterium Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan?

Construct sewage treatment plants to mitigate river pollution Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of the bacteria found in the rumen of cattle?

They are capable of digesting cellulose. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of biogas that makes it suitable as a fuel source?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

What materials are primarily fed into a biogas plant for gas production?

Bio-wastes and slurry of dung Signup and view all the answers

What environmental issue is commonly caused by the direct discharge of untreated sewage into rivers?

Spread of water-borne diseases Signup and view all the answers

What depth is a typical concrete tank in a biogas plant?

10-15 feet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about methanogens is incorrect?

They can produce methane under aerobic conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is primarily responsible for the fermentation process in curd?

Lactic acid bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of microbes in the process of biodegradation in sewage treatment?

To break down organic matter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is produced as a byproduct of microbial fermentation in wastewater treatment?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

In primary sewage treatment, what is the primary stage of removing impurities?

Sedimentation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a traditional Indian food that relies on microbial fermentation?

Idli Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of lactic acid bacteria in food production?

They enhance flavor and texture Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is used in the production of Cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressive drug?

Tolypocladium inflatum Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of methanogens in the biogas production process?

They produce methane and other gases during anaerobic digestion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is primarily responsible for the pollution of rivers with untreated sewage?

Pathogenic microorganisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for initiating the Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan?

To reduce the discharge of untreated sewage into the rivers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of bacteria responsible for converting milk into curd?

Lactobacillus Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the cattle's rumen in relation to biogas production?

It hosts methanogens that break down cellulose. Signup and view all the answers

Which gas is primarily produced during the fermentation of dough used for making bread?

Carbon Dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT typical of the operation of a biogas plant?

Aerobic digestion of waste materials. Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is specifically known for causing the large holes found in Swiss cheese?

Propionibacterium sharmanii Signup and view all the answers

What type of tank is typically used in biogas plants for waste processing?

Concrete tank to withstand anaerobic conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases is NOT typically produced during biogas generation?

Oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method used in industrial production to cultivate microbes on a large scale?

Fermentors Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lactic acid bacteria in the human stomach?

Checking disease-causing microbes Signup and view all the answers

Why is untreated sewage a concern for public health?

It can lead to outbreaks of infectious diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prions from traditional microorganisms in terms of their structure?

Prions are infectious proteins without nucleic acids. Signup and view all the answers

What ingredient is commonly used as a starter culture for making curd?

Fresh curd Signup and view all the answers

Which of these traditional Indian fermented foods is made by fermenting sap from palms?

Toddy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms is known for its ability to grow in highly acidic environments?

Archaea Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of culturing bacteria on nutritive media?

It facilitates the identification and study of microbial colonies. Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is specifically used to ferment soybeans to produce certain foods?

Aspergillus oryzae Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopic organisms are specialized in breaking down complex organic matter in sewage treatment?

Bacteria and fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of viruses like bacteriophages in microbial ecosystems?

They regulate bacterial populations. Signup and view all the answers

In what type of environments are thermophilic microbes especially prevalent?

Thermal vents and geysers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the visibility of microbial colonies?

Microbial colonies can be observed with the naked eye when grown on nutritive media. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the ecological roles of microbes in extreme environments?

Microbes can be the only life forms present in inhospitable climates. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of Trichoderma in agriculture?

It acts as a biocontrol agent against plant pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of baculoviruses used in biological control?

They show species-specific, narrow spectrum insecticidal properties. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the use of biofertilisers preferred over chemical fertilisers in agriculture?

Biofertilisers improve soil nutrient quality and reduce pollution. Signup and view all the answers

Which fungus is primarily known for forming symbiotic associations with plant roots?

Glomus Signup and view all the answers

What role do Rhizobium bacteria play in the ecosystem of leguminous plants?

They fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms for the plant. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Bt-cotton is true?

It contains genes from the bacteria B.thuringiensis. Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is primarily utilized for its nitrogen-fixing abilities in non-leguminous soils?

Azospirillum Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of incorporating baculoviruses in integrated pest management (IPM) programs?

They do not harm beneficial insects and other non-target organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What primary purpose does the floating cover serve in a biogas plant?

To prevent the loss of produced biogas Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of biogas produced from cattle dung?

It reduces the need for chemical fertilizers Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is mentioned as a significant contributor to biogas technology in India?

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is the biogas plant most likely to be built?

In rural locations with ample cattle dung availability Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product derived from the spent slurry in a biogas plant?

Organic fertilizer Signup and view all the answers

How does biocontrol primarily differ from traditional pest management?

By employing natural organisms to suppress pest populations Signup and view all the answers

Where is biogas primarily utilized once produced in rural contexts?

For household cooking and lighting Signup and view all the answers

Why is biogas production especially significant in rural areas?

Rural communities lack other fuel sources Signup and view all the answers

Which food category is most likely to contain lactic acid bacteria?

Dairy products Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment?

Primary treatment involves physical processes whereas secondary focuses on biological processes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microbes are associated with the production of Cyclosporin A?

Tolypocladium inflatum Signup and view all the answers

Which water sample in a BOD test is most likely to be river water, assuming it is relatively clean?

Sample B with 8mg/L BOD Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following uses of microbes is associated with decreasing the need for chemical fertilizers?

Cultivating bacteria in soil that fix atmospheric nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which traditional Indian food is commonly made with the aid of microbes?

Idli Signup and view all the answers

How do biofertilizers primarily function to enrich soil fertility?

By providing essential nutrients directly Signup and view all the answers

What harmful effect can untreated sewage have on water bodies?

Increase in nutrient levels leading to algae blooms Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes are major components of biological systems, besides plants and animals
Various kingdoms contain microbes, some exclusively microscopic
Microbes exist in diverse environments, including soil, water, air, and inside living organisms
They are present in extreme environments like geysers, deep soil, and highly acidic conditions
Microbes include protozoa, bacteria, fungi, viruses, viroids, and prions (infectious proteins)
Microbes can be grown on nutritive media to form visible colonies, useful for study
Microbes play an important role in human welfare
Examples of microbes are shown in Figures 8.1 and 8.2

Microbes in Household Products

Microbes are used daily, e.g., for producing curd from milk
Lactobacillus, and other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) convert milk to curd
LAB produce acids coagulating milk proteins and improving nutrition, including vitamin B12
Bacteria also ferment dough (e.g., dosa and idli), resulting in CO2 production
Traditional beverages/foods are produced through fermentation (e.g., toddy, cheese, bread)
Microbes are used in making cheese with different specific characteristics, flavours and tastes (e.g., Swiss, Roquefort cheese), varying from traditional to modern
LAB play important roles in digestion in the stomach, supporting a healthy gut microbiome
Specific types of bacteria are involved in specific fermentation processes
Some microbes play an important role in the making of specific foods, like dosa, idli, and others.

Microbes in Industrial Products

Microbes produce numerous valuable industrial products like antibiotics and beverages
Bacteria like Streptococcus produce commercially important antibiotics (e.g., penicillin), derived via fermentation, with various types of processing
Penicillin was discovered accidentally by Alexander Fleming, and was later researched by Chain and Florey to establish its role in medicine, for which they received the Nobel Prize
Microbes produce organic acids (e.g., citric acid, acetic acid), enzymes, and other chemicals
Yeasts produce alcohol in beverages (e.g., wine, beer, whisky)
Enzymes like proteases and pectinases (produced by microbes) are used in industry for juice clarification, food processing, and other industrial applications
Microbes produce certain chemicals, enzymes, and bioactive molecules like cyclosporin A, statins (used in pharmaceuticals)
Microbes are used to make specific chemicals like organic acids, alcohols, and enzymes. Microbes like Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used for alcohol production in several beverages.
Microbes are used in the production of several other industrial chemicals and enzymes, including enzymes used for digestion and food processing. Microbes are also used in the production of ethanol (alcohol) for various beverages.

Microbes in Sewage Treatment

Sewage (waste water) contains organic matter and microbes
Sewage treatment plants utilize microbes to treat sewage
BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) is a measure of organic matter in water; microorganisms utilize oxygen in consumption, therefore reducing BOD
Primary treatment physically removes solids (e.g., grit) from wastewater, separating solids from the water stream.
Secondary treatment (biological treatment) allows microorganisms to utilize organic matter in sewage, reducing BOD further, with multiple stages and processes, such as aeration and settling
Activated sludge pumped back into aeration tanks serves as inoculum, a crucial step for continuous operation
Biogas (methane, CO2) produced by anaerobic digestion (e.g., in sludge digesters) is an inflammable energy source, used for cooking and lighting
Sewage is treated in Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs); microorganisms are a vital part of this treatment process. Several steps are involved in sewage treatment, including physical removal of debris, biological degradation of organic matter by microorganisms, and settling of solid waste.

Microbes in Production of Biogas

Biogas is a fuel produced through microbial anaerobic digestion of organic matter, typically in anaerobic conditions, to produce a useful energy source
Methanogens produce methane as part of their metabolic process when they ferment a source of organic matter, typically using organic waste and slurry
Biogas plants consist of concrete tanks (e.g., 10–15 feet deep) to hold the slurry of animal dung or other wastes
The slurry is supplied to the tank and gas produced rises to the top of the mixture through a gas holder; biogas can be used for cooking and lighting
Biogas plants are often built in rural areas. Biogas production can be used as a source of energy for rural areas. Different types of organisms, such as bacteria, are involved.

Microbes as Biocontrol Agents

Biocontrol utilizes microbes to control plant diseases and pests rather than just chemical methods of pest/disease control, reducing harmful environmental impact
Certain microorganisms inhibit the growth of other organisms with specific control agents or through their actions on susceptible plants
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an example of a microbial biocontrol agent that kills the caterpillars of certain insects; these microbes can have specific control actions and can be engineered for this purpose
The use of biocontrol means that less harmful substances are used against pests, resulting in less harm to the environment
Ladybirds are examples of useful insects used to eat pests. Biological control methods focus on natural interactions
Use of chemical pesticides and insecticides is reduced, promoting environmentally friendly agricultural practices.
Bacillus thuringiensis is an example of a microbial biocontrol agent Other beneficial microbes and organisms also contribute to this process. Trichoderma species also control specific plant pathogens which causes plant diseases.

Microbes as Biofertilisers

Biofertilizers improve the soil by their nitrogen fixing or phosphorus boosting capabilities
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium in nodules of leguminous plants) convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants
Fungi form mycorrhiza associations with plant roots, enhancing phosphorus absorption, facilitating nutrient uptake from the soil
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) fix nitrogen, enriching soil, and increasing fertility, contributing to soil health
Diverse microbes improve soil quality and contribute to overall fertility
Microbes in the genus Glomus form mycorrhizae associations, which boost phosphorus absorption in plants
Bacteria like Azospirillum and Azotobacter fix atmospheric nitrogen organically. Microbes play a role in the nitrogen cycle. Bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria are important sources of biofertilizers, utilized in various soil, agricultural, and environmental settings.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores the role of microbes in human welfare and their use in everyday household products. Learn about various types of microbes, their environments, and the process of fermentation that leads to beneficial food products. Test your knowledge on how these microorganisms contribute to nutrition and daily life.

NCERT - MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE - 24-25

Choose a study mode

Podcast

Questions and Answers

What type of environments can microbes survive in?

Which of the following is NOT a type of microorganism mentioned?

What is a characteristic of bacterial colonies grown on nutritive media?

Which of the following statements about microbes is incorrect?

What is the primary function of cyclosporin A?

What type of organism produces statins used for cholesterol management?

What type of agents are prions classified as?

Which characteristic is NOT associated with the presence of microbes?

During primary treatment of sewage, which process is primarily used for removing large particles?

Which organism is magnified to the highest level in the provided figures?

What occurs after the primary sludge is formed during sewage treatment?

Which statement correctly describes secondary sewage treatment?

Which of the following environments is NOT mentioned as a habitat where microbes can survive?

What is the main environmental concern with directly discharging sewage into natural water bodies?

Which of the following microbes are primarily involved in the treatment of wastewater in STPs?

What is the effluent that is produced after the primary treatment of sewage?

What is the primary role of aerobic microbes in sewage treatment?

How is BOD defined in the context of wastewater treatment?

What substance is produced during the digestion of sludge by anaerobic bacteria?

What happens to the activated sludge after its purpose in the aeration tank?

The process of treating sewage with microbes has been practiced for how long?

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effluent released from the secondary treatment plant?

Why is the reduction of BOD significant in wastewater treatment?

What makes biogas produced from sludge digestion a viable energy source?

What is the primary function of a floating cover in a biogas plant?

Which organization primarily contributed to the development of biogas technology in India?

What role do cyanobacteria play in paddy fields?

What is a common use for biogas produced in rural biogas plants?

Which process involves the use of microbes to convert milk into curd?

What type of waste do methanogens help to convert into biogas?

Why are biogas plants more frequently established in rural areas?

What is one significant benefit of using biofertilisers over chemical fertilisers?

What is the purpose of the outlet connected to the pipe in a biogas plant?

Which of the following microbes is specifically associated with the fermentation of dough for bread?

What is meant by biocontrol in agricultural practices?

Which of the following outcomes is NOT a result of microbial activity in biogas production?

What role do some microbes play in biocontrol?

Which industrial products can be produced by microbes?

In what context is the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) relevant to biogas production?

Which antibiotic is produced by useful microbes to combat infectious diseases?

Which of the following statements best describes primary sewage treatment?

What is the primary role of lactic acid bacteria in foods?

Which of the following is NOT a harmful effect of untreated sewage?

In a BOD test, which water sample is likely to be the most polluted?

Which two fungal species are primarily associated with antibiotic production?

Which of the following best describes the function of biofertilizers?

Why is Cyclosporin A significant in medical applications?

Which traditional Indian food is typically prepared using microbial fermentation?

What characteristic of prions differentiates them from other microorganisms?

Which of the following environments is least likely to support microbial life?

Which type of microorganisms can produce disease in both plants and animals?

What is a significant factor in the culturing of bacteria on nutritive media?

Which of the following microorganisms is known for its role in the production of antibiotics?

Which of the following statements regarding the habitat of microbes is false?

What main role do fungi play in microbial ecosystems?

Which of the following microbial forms is primarily associated with pathogenicity?

What is the first stage of sewage treatment primarily focused on?

What is the primary role of Lactobacillus in the production of curd from milk?

Which process is essential during the secondary treatment of sewage?

Which metabolic pathway is primarily responsible for the carbon dioxide production in dough fermentation?

What type of microbes are primarily responsible for the treatment of wastewater in sewage treatment plants?

What is the primary reason for the different textures and flavors of cheese types?

What happens to solids that settle during primary sewage treatment?

Which microbe is involved in the fermentation of 'toddy', a traditional drink in southern India?

Which bioactive molecule is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum?

How do statins lower blood cholesterol levels?

In the context of industrial products, which is NOT a role of microbes?

What is the primary role of the effluent produced after the primary treatment?

What is a key advantage of using traditional fermentation processes in food production?

Which microbe is primarily responsible for creating the large holes characteristic of Swiss cheese?

Why is it important to treat sewage before disposal into natural water bodies?

In fermentation processes, what is the primary role of baker's yeast?

What is the main role of the floating cover in a biogas plant?

Which organization was instrumental in the development of biogas technology in India?

What type of slurry is utilized as fertilizer after biogas production?

In which area are biogas plants most commonly constructed, and why?