Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of proteins in the immune system?
What is the main function of proteins in the immune system?
- Release cytokines to control the immune response
- Help produce antigens
- Activate cascades of reactions to cause inflammation (correct)
- Promote the formation of antibodies
Which cells fall under the category of non-specific defense mechanisms?
Which cells fall under the category of non-specific defense mechanisms?
- T lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes
- Natural killer cells
- Phagocytes (correct)
What is the role of T lymphocytes in the immune system?
What is the role of T lymphocytes in the immune system?
- Produce antibodies
- Attack antigens directly and help control the immune response (correct)
- Promote inflammation in the body
- Secrete antimicrobial proteins
Where are B lymphocytes produced and matured?
Where are B lymphocytes produced and matured?
Which type of immunity takes over if the innate immune system is unable to destroy germs?
Which type of immunity takes over if the innate immune system is unable to destroy germs?
What activates B cells to become cells that produce antibodies?
What activates B cells to become cells that produce antibodies?
Where do transient flora primarily come from?
Where do transient flora primarily come from?
What is the mesh-like structure formed by hyphae collectively known as?
What is the mesh-like structure formed by hyphae collectively known as?
Which type of symbiotic relationship involves one organism benefiting while the other is unaffected?
Which type of symbiotic relationship involves one organism benefiting while the other is unaffected?
Which component makes up the cell wall of fungi?
Which component makes up the cell wall of fungi?
What is the primary difference between resident flora and transient flora?
What is the primary difference between resident flora and transient flora?
Where can fungi live and thrive according to the text?
Where can fungi live and thrive according to the text?
Which part of the body has the most diverse and unique flora according to the text?
Which part of the body has the most diverse and unique flora according to the text?
Which type of fungal infection affects the target organs of lungs, skin, eyes, liver, and brain?
Which type of fungal infection affects the target organs of lungs, skin, eyes, liver, and brain?
How does breastfeeding affect the composition of microbiome according to the text?
How does breastfeeding affect the composition of microbiome according to the text?
When does colonization of microbiota typically begin?
When does colonization of microbiota typically begin?
What is the common mode of action of Azoles, a group of antifungal medications?
What is the common mode of action of Azoles, a group of antifungal medications?
Which of the following is NOT a subgroup of Azoles used in antifungal treatments according to the text?
Which of the following is NOT a subgroup of Azoles used in antifungal treatments according to the text?
What does the term 'epidemiology' mean?
What does the term 'epidemiology' mean?
Which root word in 'epidemiology' means 'people'?
Which root word in 'epidemiology' means 'people'?
What does the frequency aspect of epidemiology refer to?
What does the frequency aspect of epidemiology refer to?
Why is the pattern aspect important in epidemiology?
Why is the pattern aspect important in epidemiology?
What is the purpose of understanding 'determinants' in epidemiology?
What is the purpose of understanding 'determinants' in epidemiology?
How does epidemiological research contribute to public health?
How does epidemiological research contribute to public health?
What is sepsis?
What is sepsis?
Which of the following must a pathogen do to establish an infection in a host?
Which of the following must a pathogen do to establish an infection in a host?
What is a preferred portal of entry for SARS-CoV-2 virus?
What is a preferred portal of entry for SARS-CoV-2 virus?
How do pathogens avoid host defenses?
How do pathogens avoid host defenses?
What happens when a pathogen damages the host?
What happens when a pathogen damages the host?
Where does SARS-CoV-2 virus replicate in the body?
Where does SARS-CoV-2 virus replicate in the body?
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Study Notes
Fungi
- Fungi are composed of hyphae that form a mesh-like structure called mycelium.
- Fungi have a cell wall made up of chitin and polysaccharides.
- Fungi can thrive in various environments, including outdoors in soil and on plants, indoors on surfaces and in the air, and on people's skin and inside the body.
Types of Fungal Infections
- Superficial fungal infections
- Subcutaneous fungal infections
- Deep fungal infections
- Target organs: lungs, skin, eyes, liver, and brain
Antifungal Medications
- Azoles: interfere with an enzyme that's important for creating the fungal cell membrane, leading to cell death.
- Imidazole subgroup: Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Miconazole
- Triazole subgroup: Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole
Epidemiology
- The study of the distribution and determinants of diseases or disorders within groups of people.
- Concerned with the frequency and pattern of health events in a population.
- Epidemiological research helps understand who has a disorder or disease, why, and how it was brought to this individual or region.
Microbe-Host Interaction
- Symbiosis: living together
- Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unaffected
- Mutualism: both organisms benefit
- Parasitism: one organism benefits, the other is harmed (pathogens)
Human Microbiota/Flora
- Microorganisms that normally colonize body surfaces.
- Usually beneficial and important to human health.
- Types of normal flora: resident flora and transient flora.
- Resident flora: microbes that permanently colonize hosts (e.g., E. coli in the intestine).
- Transient flora: microbes that temporarily colonize (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes in the throat).
Where Do Microorganisms Live on the Human Body?
- Skin and mucous membranes
- External eye (lids, lash follicles)
- External ear and canal
- Mouth (most diverse and unique flora)
- Upper respiratory tract (nose and throat)
- Large intestine
- Outer opening of urethra
- External genitalia
- Vagina
Mechanism of Pathogenicity
- Successful pathogens establish an infection in a host by:
- Entering the host through portals of entry (e.g., skin, mucous membranes, crossing the placenta, parenteral route).
- Adhering and colonizing surfaces.
- Avoiding or overcoming host defenses.
- Damaging the host.
Lines of Defense
- Non-specific defense mechanisms: skin, mucous membranes, phagocytic white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and the inflammatory response.
- Specific defense mechanisms (immune system): B cells, T cells, and antibodies.
- First line of defense: skin and mucous membranes.
- Second line of defense: phagocytic white blood cells and antimicrobial proteins.
- Third line of defense: specialized lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) and antibodies.
Adaptive Immunity
- Takes over if the innate immune system is not able to destroy the germs.
- Made up of:
- T lymphocytes (attack antigens directly and help control the immune response).
- B lymphocytes (produce antibodies).
- Antibodies in the blood and other bodily fluids.
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