Micro-Operations in CPU

Micro-Operations

• Micro-operations (micro-ops) are the functional or atomic operations of a processor, used to implement complex machine instructions.
• They perform operations on data stored in one or more registers, transferring data between registers or between external buses of the CPU.
• Micro-operations include arithmetic and logical operations on registers.

Types of Micro-Operations

• Load: loads information from memory into a register.
• Store: stores information from a register into memory.
• Add: adds two values and stores the result in a register.
• Subtract: subtracts one value from another and stores the result in a register.
• And: performs a logical AND operation on two values and stores the result in a register.
• Or: performs a logical OR operation on two values and stores the result in a register.
• Not: performs a logical NOT operation on a value and stores the result in a register.
• Shift: shifts the bits in a register to the left or right.

Arithmetic Micro-Operations

• Addition: adds two values together and stores the result in a register.
• Subtraction: subtracts one value from another and stores the result in a register.
• Increment: adds 1 to the value in a register.
• Decrement: subtracts 1 from the value in a register.
• Multiplication: multiplies two values together and stores the result in a register.
• Division: divides one value by another and stores the quotient and remainder in separate registers.
• Shift: shifts the bits in a register to the left or right.

Logic Micro-Operations

• Logic Micro-operations are a set of binary operations performed on registers containing strings of bits.
• These operations treat each bit of the register separately and consider them as binary variables.
• There are 16 different logic operations that can be performed.

Shift Micro-Operations

• There are three types of shift micro-operations: Logical Shift, Arithmetic Shift, and Circular Shift.
• Logical Shift: transfers the 0 zero through the serial input.
• Arithmetic Shift: moves the signed binary number either to the left or to the right position.
• Circular Shift: circulates the bits in the sequence of the register around both ends without any loss of information.

Logical Shift

• Logical Left Shift: moves each bit one position to the left and fills the empty least significant bit (LSB) with zero.
• Logical Right Shift: not mentioned in the text.

Arithmetic Shift

• Arithmetic Left Shift: moves each bit one position to the left, filling the empty least significant bit (LSB) with zero.
• Arithmetic Right Shift: moves each bit one position to the right, filling the empty most significant bit (MSB) with the value of the previous MSB.

Circular Shift

• Circular Left Shift: shifts each bit one position to the left, filling the empty least significant bit (LSB) with the value of the most significant bit (MSB).
• Circular Right Shift: shifts each bit one position to the right, filling the empty most significant bit (MSB) with the value of the least significant bit (LSB).

Micro-Operations

• Micro-operations (micro-ops) are the functional or atomic operations of a processor, used to implement complex machine instructions.
• They perform operations on data stored in one or more registers, transferring data between registers or between external buses of the CPU.
• Micro-operations include arithmetic and logical operations on registers.

Types of Micro-Operations

• Load: loads information from memory into a register.
• Store: stores information from a register into memory.
• Add: adds two values and stores the result in a register.
• Subtract: subtracts one value from another and stores the result in a register.
• And: performs a logical AND operation on two values and stores the result in a register.
• Or: performs a logical OR operation on two values and stores the result in a register.
• Not: performs a logical NOT operation on a value and stores the result in a register.
• Shift: shifts the bits in a register to the left or right.

Arithmetic Micro-Operations

• Addition: adds two values together and stores the result in a register.
• Subtraction: subtracts one value from another and stores the result in a register.
• Increment: adds 1 to the value in a register.
• Decrement: subtracts 1 from the value in a register.
• Multiplication: multiplies two values together and stores the result in a register.
• Division: divides one value by another and stores the quotient and remainder in separate registers.
• Shift: shifts the bits in a register to the left or right.

Logic Micro-Operations

• Logic Micro-operations are a set of binary operations performed on registers containing strings of bits.
• These operations treat each bit of the register separately and consider them as binary variables.
• There are 16 different logic operations that can be performed.

Shift Micro-Operations

• There are three types of shift micro-operations: Logical Shift, Arithmetic Shift, and Circular Shift.
• Logical Shift: transfers the 0 zero through the serial input.
• Arithmetic Shift: moves the signed binary number either to the left or to the right position.
• Circular Shift: circulates the bits in the sequence of the register around both ends without any loss of information.

Logical Shift

• Logical Left Shift: moves each bit one position to the left and fills the empty least significant bit (LSB) with zero.
• Logical Right Shift: not mentioned in the text.

Arithmetic Shift

• Arithmetic Left Shift: moves each bit one position to the left, filling the empty least significant bit (LSB) with zero.
• Arithmetic Right Shift: moves each bit one position to the right, filling the empty most significant bit (MSB) with the value of the previous MSB.

Circular Shift

• Circular Left Shift: shifts each bit one position to the left, filling the empty least significant bit (LSB) with the value of the most significant bit (MSB).
• Circular Right Shift: shifts each bit one position to the right, filling the empty most significant bit (MSB) with the value of the least significant bit (LSB).