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MICR1010: Microbial Diversity & Phylogenetics
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MICR1010: Microbial Diversity & Phylogenetics

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the Bacteriological Code?

  • To define the methods used for classifying organisms.
  • To set standards for describing new species of prokaryotes.
  • To establish rules for naming organisms. (correct)
  • To provide identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea.

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used for classifying and identifying microorganisms?

  • Morphological characteristics
  • Phylogenetic analysis (correct)
  • Differential staining
  • Biochemical tests

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of the Binomial Nomenclature system?

  • It uses a two-part naming system, consisting of the genus and species epithets. (correct)
  • It is used for naming organisms based on their evolutionary relationships.
  • It is used for classifying all types of organisms.
  • It is regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

    • Which of the following is NOT a recognized part of the taxonomic hierarchy?

    <p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the use of the term "systematics" differ from the term "taxonomy"?

    <p>Systematics is a broader term that encompasses taxonomy, focusing on both classification and evolutionary relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which of the following is an accurate example of a genus and species name?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Bergey's Manual and The Prokaryotes?

    <p>To provide identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) and the Bacteriological Code?

    <p>The Bacteriological Code provides guidelines for the ICSP's work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigment is predominantly found in Purple Sulfur bacteria?

    <p>Bacteriochlorophylls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary electron donor for Purple Sulfur bacteria during photosynthesis?

    <p>H2S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes Cyanobacteria from Purple Sulfur bacteria?

    <p>Production of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environments are Purple Sulfur bacteria commonly found in?

    <p>Illuminated anoxic zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of Cyanobacteria that aids in flotation?

    <p>Gas vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of Purple Sulfur bacteria?

    <p>They are obligate anaerobes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes the Domain Eukarya from the Domains Bacteria and Archaea?

    <p>Possession of a true nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of grouping organisms based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships?

    <p>Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mutations accumulated in genomes?

    <p>They serve as a molecular clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying assumption of phylogenetic analysis?

    <p>That all organisms share a common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the diversity of microorganisms?

    <p>Microbial diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of creating a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>To infer evolutionary relationships among organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Pseudomonas sp?

    <p>Non-sporeforming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Azotobacter?

    <p>Fixing nitrogen in the roots of leguminous plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Enterobacteria?

    <p>Oxidase positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat of Enterobacteria?

    <p>Human intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is NOT an Enterobacterium?

    <p>Azotobacter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Bioremediation in polluted soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Azotobacter vinelandii?

    <p>Metabolizes carbon compounds oxidatively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium?

    <p>Nitrogen fixation in the roots of leguminous plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of energy generation for sulphur-oxidizing bacteria?

    <p>Oxidation of H2S to S0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is NOT a methanotroph?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of Streptococcus bacteria?

    <p>Spherical/coccoid in chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of homo-fermentation in Streptococcus bacteria?

    <p>Lactic acid only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic cell wall type of Methanotrophic bacteria?

    <p>Gram-negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environment where Methanotrophic bacteria are often found?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Staphylococcus bacteria that makes them resistant to antibiotics?

    <p>Modifications to their cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for Beggiatoa bacteria?

    <p>Oxidation of H2S to S0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Three Domain System

    • All organisms originated from cells formed over 3 billion years ago.
    • Conserved DNA is passed from ancestors.
    • Domain Eukarya includes Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, and protists.
    • Domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic organisms.

    Phylogenetic Tree

    • Organisms are grouped based on common properties, including fossils and genomes.
    • Molecular clocks use accumulated mutations in genomes to estimate evolutionary time.
    • Groups evolved from common ancestors, retaining ancestral characteristics.

    Classification and Taxonomy

    • Classification organizes organisms into progressively inclusive groups based on phenotypic similarity or evolutionary relationships.
    • Systematics studies organism diversity and their evolutionary connections.
    • Taxonomy classifies organisms, showing their similarity and defining criteria for each classification.

    Scientific Nomenclature

    • Formal rules for naming organisms follow Binomial Nomenclature (Genus and species epithets).
    • Latin or Latinized Greek terms are italicized (e.g., Lactobacillus lactis).
    • The Bacteriological Code regulates naming procedures without dictating taxonomic interpretation.

    Classifying Microbial Diversity

    • The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) oversees Bacteria and Archaea nomenclature.
    • Bergey’s Manual and The Prokaryotes serve as classification systems.
    • Morphological characteristics are useful for identifying eukaryotes but less informative for phylogenetic relationships.
    • Differential staining, biochemical tests, and rapid identification methods are used for microbial classification.

    Notable Bacteria Genera

    • Pseudomonad: Gram-negative, motile rods found primarily in soil.
    • Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium: Non-sporeforming, motile bacteria that fix nitrogen in leguminous plant roots.
    • Azotobacter: Free-living, obligately aerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria inhabiting alkaline soil.

    Enteric Bacteria

    • Characteristics: Gram-negative, non-sporulating, facultative aerobes found in the intestines of animals.
    • Includes pathogens like Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella, associated with foodborne illnesses and other infections.

    Photosynthetic Bacteria

    • Cyanobacteria: Oxygenic phototrophs that release O2 during photosynthesis and are capable of nitrogen fixation.
    • Purple Sulfur Bacteria: Anoxygenic phototrophs that use H2S in photosynthesis and inhabit anaerobic environments.

    Chemolithotrophic Bacteria

    • Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria: Chemoautotrophic, oxidizing H2S to S0 for energy in aquatic sediments.
    • Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs: Gram-negative aerobes utilizing methane as an electron donor.

    Non-Sporulating Gram-Positive Bacteria

    • Staphylococcus: Gram-positive cocci found on the skin, including pathogenic species like S.aureus.
    • Streptococcus: Aerotolerant anaerobes in chains, some species are pathogenic and produce lactic acid.

    Conclusion

    • Understanding microbial diversity is essential for recognizing species classifications, evolutionary relationships, and ecological roles within environments.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of microbial diversity, including the three domain system, phylogenetic trees, and the characteristics of different kingdoms and domains.

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