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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of the Bacteriological Code?
What is the purpose of the Bacteriological Code?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used for classifying and identifying microorganisms?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used for classifying and identifying microorganisms?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Binomial Nomenclature system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Binomial Nomenclature system?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized part of the taxonomic hierarchy?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized part of the taxonomic hierarchy?
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How does the use of the term "systematics" differ from the term "taxonomy"?
How does the use of the term "systematics" differ from the term "taxonomy"?
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According to the content, which of the following is an accurate example of a genus and species name?
According to the content, which of the following is an accurate example of a genus and species name?
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What is the primary function of Bergey's Manual and The Prokaryotes?
What is the primary function of Bergey's Manual and The Prokaryotes?
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Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) and the Bacteriological Code?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) and the Bacteriological Code?
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Which pigment is predominantly found in Purple Sulfur bacteria?
Which pigment is predominantly found in Purple Sulfur bacteria?
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What is the primary electron donor for Purple Sulfur bacteria during photosynthesis?
What is the primary electron donor for Purple Sulfur bacteria during photosynthesis?
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Which characteristic distinguishes Cyanobacteria from Purple Sulfur bacteria?
Which characteristic distinguishes Cyanobacteria from Purple Sulfur bacteria?
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What type of environments are Purple Sulfur bacteria commonly found in?
What type of environments are Purple Sulfur bacteria commonly found in?
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What is a significant feature of Cyanobacteria that aids in flotation?
What is a significant feature of Cyanobacteria that aids in flotation?
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Which of the following is a key feature of Purple Sulfur bacteria?
Which of the following is a key feature of Purple Sulfur bacteria?
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What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes the Domain Eukarya from the Domains Bacteria and Archaea?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes the Domain Eukarya from the Domains Bacteria and Archaea?
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What is the term for the process of grouping organisms based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships?
What is the term for the process of grouping organisms based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships?
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What is the significance of mutations accumulated in genomes?
What is the significance of mutations accumulated in genomes?
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What is the underlying assumption of phylogenetic analysis?
What is the underlying assumption of phylogenetic analysis?
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What is the term for the study of the diversity of microorganisms?
What is the term for the study of the diversity of microorganisms?
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What is the primary purpose of creating a phylogenetic tree?
What is the primary purpose of creating a phylogenetic tree?
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What is a characteristic of Pseudomonas sp?
What is a characteristic of Pseudomonas sp?
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What is the primary function of Azotobacter?
What is the primary function of Azotobacter?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Enterobacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Enterobacteria?
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What is the primary habitat of Enterobacteria?
What is the primary habitat of Enterobacteria?
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Which of the following bacteria is NOT an Enterobacterium?
Which of the following bacteria is NOT an Enterobacterium?
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What is the primary role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the primary role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Azotobacter vinelandii?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Azotobacter vinelandii?
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What is the primary role of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium?
What is the primary role of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium?
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What is the primary mode of energy generation for sulphur-oxidizing bacteria?
What is the primary mode of energy generation for sulphur-oxidizing bacteria?
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Which of the following bacteria is NOT a methanotroph?
Which of the following bacteria is NOT a methanotroph?
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What is the shape of Streptococcus bacteria?
What is the shape of Streptococcus bacteria?
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What is the product of homo-fermentation in Streptococcus bacteria?
What is the product of homo-fermentation in Streptococcus bacteria?
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What is the characteristic cell wall type of Methanotrophic bacteria?
What is the characteristic cell wall type of Methanotrophic bacteria?
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What is the environment where Methanotrophic bacteria are often found?
What is the environment where Methanotrophic bacteria are often found?
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What is the characteristic of Staphylococcus bacteria that makes them resistant to antibiotics?
What is the characteristic of Staphylococcus bacteria that makes them resistant to antibiotics?
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What is the primary source of energy for Beggiatoa bacteria?
What is the primary source of energy for Beggiatoa bacteria?
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Study Notes
Three Domain System
- All organisms originated from cells formed over 3 billion years ago.
- Conserved DNA is passed from ancestors.
- Domain Eukarya includes Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, and protists.
- Domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic organisms.
Phylogenetic Tree
- Organisms are grouped based on common properties, including fossils and genomes.
- Molecular clocks use accumulated mutations in genomes to estimate evolutionary time.
- Groups evolved from common ancestors, retaining ancestral characteristics.
Classification and Taxonomy
- Classification organizes organisms into progressively inclusive groups based on phenotypic similarity or evolutionary relationships.
- Systematics studies organism diversity and their evolutionary connections.
- Taxonomy classifies organisms, showing their similarity and defining criteria for each classification.
Scientific Nomenclature
- Formal rules for naming organisms follow Binomial Nomenclature (Genus and species epithets).
- Latin or Latinized Greek terms are italicized (e.g., Lactobacillus lactis).
- The Bacteriological Code regulates naming procedures without dictating taxonomic interpretation.
Classifying Microbial Diversity
- The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) oversees Bacteria and Archaea nomenclature.
- Bergey’s Manual and The Prokaryotes serve as classification systems.
- Morphological characteristics are useful for identifying eukaryotes but less informative for phylogenetic relationships.
- Differential staining, biochemical tests, and rapid identification methods are used for microbial classification.
Notable Bacteria Genera
- Pseudomonad: Gram-negative, motile rods found primarily in soil.
- Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium: Non-sporeforming, motile bacteria that fix nitrogen in leguminous plant roots.
- Azotobacter: Free-living, obligately aerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria inhabiting alkaline soil.
Enteric Bacteria
- Characteristics: Gram-negative, non-sporulating, facultative aerobes found in the intestines of animals.
- Includes pathogens like Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella, associated with foodborne illnesses and other infections.
Photosynthetic Bacteria
- Cyanobacteria: Oxygenic phototrophs that release O2 during photosynthesis and are capable of nitrogen fixation.
- Purple Sulfur Bacteria: Anoxygenic phototrophs that use H2S in photosynthesis and inhabit anaerobic environments.
Chemolithotrophic Bacteria
- Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria: Chemoautotrophic, oxidizing H2S to S0 for energy in aquatic sediments.
- Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs: Gram-negative aerobes utilizing methane as an electron donor.
Non-Sporulating Gram-Positive Bacteria
- Staphylococcus: Gram-positive cocci found on the skin, including pathogenic species like S.aureus.
- Streptococcus: Aerotolerant anaerobes in chains, some species are pathogenic and produce lactic acid.
Conclusion
- Understanding microbial diversity is essential for recognizing species classifications, evolutionary relationships, and ecological roles within environments.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of microbial diversity, including the three domain system, phylogenetic trees, and the characteristics of different kingdoms and domains.
