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Questions and Answers
Which notation is commonly used to represent phylogenetic trees?
Which notation is commonly used to represent phylogenetic trees?
What type of analysis can produce a treefile as an output?
What type of analysis can produce a treefile as an output?
Which software is commonly used for visualizing phylogenetic trees?
Which software is commonly used for visualizing phylogenetic trees?
What does the Newick notation (((A:0.1,B:0.2):0.3,C:0.4):0.5) represent?
What does the Newick notation (((A:0.1,B:0.2):0.3,C:0.4):0.5) represent?
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What is the main focus of the HIV Signature and Sequence Variation Analysis by Korber B. (2000)?
What is the main focus of the HIV Signature and Sequence Variation Analysis by Korber B. (2000)?
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What is the purpose of a sequence logo?
What is the purpose of a sequence logo?
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What is the function of the tool Weblogo?
What is the function of the tool Weblogo?
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What is the purpose of the tool SNAP (Synonymous Non-synonymous Analysis Program)?
What is the purpose of the tool SNAP (Synonymous Non-synonymous Analysis Program)?
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What does the molecular-clock hypothesis propose?
What does the molecular-clock hypothesis propose?
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What do sequence logos visually display?
What do sequence logos visually display?
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What is the main focus of the tool BUSTED (Branch-site Unrestricted Statistical Test for Episodic Diversification)?
What is the main focus of the tool BUSTED (Branch-site Unrestricted Statistical Test for Episodic Diversification)?
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What is the purpose of the tool CodonAlign?
What is the purpose of the tool CodonAlign?
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What is the FASTML Server used for in the context of ancestral sequence reconstruction?
What is the FASTML Server used for in the context of ancestral sequence reconstruction?
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Which program is described as being useful for estimating if a gene is under selection or drifting?
Which program is described as being useful for estimating if a gene is under selection or drifting?
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What type of selection or constraint does dS > dN indicate?
What type of selection or constraint does dS > dN indicate?
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In the context of dN/dS ratios, what does dN = dS indicate?
In the context of dN/dS ratios, what does dN = dS indicate?
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What does the neutral theory of evolution primarily analyze?
What does the neutral theory of evolution primarily analyze?
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What are the requirements for conducting SYNSCAN or MEGAX analysis?
What are the requirements for conducting SYNSCAN or MEGAX analysis?
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What is emphasized when examining evidence of change due to chance or selection?
What is emphasized when examining evidence of change due to chance or selection?
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Which tool is NOT mentioned for visualizing and interacting with phylogenetic trees?
Which tool is NOT mentioned for visualizing and interacting with phylogenetic trees?
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What does the variability of dN/dS ratios indicate?
What does the variability of dN/dS ratios indicate?
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What does the concept of SYNSCAN analysis focus on determining?
What does the concept of SYNSCAN analysis focus on determining?
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Study Notes
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis and Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction
- The provided data includes a phylogenetic tree of small mushroom species, with bootstrap support values at the leaf nodes.
- A Newick notation is used to represent the phylogenetic relationships between the species.
- The text discusses the use of various tools for visualizing and interacting with phylogenetic trees, such as iTOL, TreeView, FigTree, and others.
- Ancestral sequence reconstruction is mentioned, with references to the FASTML Server for computing Maximum Likelihood ancestral sequences.
- The concept of selection (dN/dS) and sequence logos is explained, with an emphasis on examining evidence of change due to chance or selection.
- SYNSCAN analysis, a program for estimating if a gene is under selection or drifting, is described with its application in determining functional constraints.
- The text discusses the neutral theory of evolution and its application in analyzing rates of substitutions and codon bias.
- The requirements for conducting SYNSCAN or MEGAX analysis are outlined, including the need for a codon-based alignment in fasta format.
- The text explains the implications of specific dN/dS ratios, with dS > dN indicating purifying selection or functional constraint.
- The program is useful for identifying nonfunctional genes (dN = dS) or those gaining new functions (dN > dS).
- It is highlighted that dN values for entire genes might only be slightly higher than dS, as changes to gain new functions may occur in only a small part of the protein.
- The variability of dN/dS ratios is noted, as sometimes only a small part of the protein changes to gain a new function, leading to variable ratios.
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Description
Test your knowledge on computational molecular microbiology topics including sequence databases, sequence comparison, pairwise alignment, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree, and Newick notation.