Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary consequence of immunodeficiency?
What is the primary consequence of immunodeficiency?
Which virus is responsible for HIV infection?
Which virus is responsible for HIV infection?
What is the first stage of HIV infection known as?
What is the first stage of HIV infection known as?
During which stage of HIV infection do individuals often feel fine and experience no symptoms?
During which stage of HIV infection do individuals often feel fine and experience no symptoms?
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What does AIDS stand for?
What does AIDS stand for?
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How is HIV primarily transmitted from human to human?
How is HIV primarily transmitted from human to human?
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Which hypothesis suggests the origin of HIV from chimpanzees?
Which hypothesis suggests the origin of HIV from chimpanzees?
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Which partner is at the highest risk for contracting HIV during anal sex?
Which partner is at the highest risk for contracting HIV during anal sex?
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What is the timeframe to access post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) after a potential HIV exposure?
What is the timeframe to access post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) after a potential HIV exposure?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a method of HIV transmission?
Which of the following is NOT considered a method of HIV transmission?
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What is the purpose of antiretroviral medicines (ART) in the treatment of HIV?
What is the purpose of antiretroviral medicines (ART) in the treatment of HIV?
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What does a viral load test measure in the context of HIV?
What does a viral load test measure in the context of HIV?
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What characterizes HIV Stage 3?
What characterizes HIV Stage 3?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an AIDS-defining illness?
Which of the following is NOT considered an AIDS-defining illness?
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How does the immune system respond when an individual develops symptomatic HIV?
How does the immune system respond when an individual develops symptomatic HIV?
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Which infection is specifically classified as an AIDS-defining illness?
Which infection is specifically classified as an AIDS-defining illness?
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What is a common symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is a common symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which of the following correctly identifies a component of the lymphatic system?
Which of the following correctly identifies a component of the lymphatic system?
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What is a major consequence of untreated HIV over time?
What is a major consequence of untreated HIV over time?
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Which of the following illnesses is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Which of the following illnesses is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
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What does late-stage HIV primarily result in?
What does late-stage HIV primarily result in?
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What is the primary cause of cryptococcal meningitis in individuals with HIV?
What is the primary cause of cryptococcal meningitis in individuals with HIV?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by a sudden loss of body mass or weight?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a sudden loss of body mass or weight?
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Kaposi’s sarcoma is primarily caused by which virus?
Kaposi’s sarcoma is primarily caused by which virus?
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Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with oropharyngeal candidiasis?
Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with oropharyngeal candidiasis?
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What is the method of transmission for HHV-8, the virus linked to Kaposi's sarcoma?
What is the method of transmission for HHV-8, the virus linked to Kaposi's sarcoma?
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What type of infection is candidiasis most commonly described as in relation to HIV?
What type of infection is candidiasis most commonly described as in relation to HIV?
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Which condition is specifically referred to as AIDS-defining due to its strong association with HIV infection?
Which condition is specifically referred to as AIDS-defining due to its strong association with HIV infection?
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What is typically the appearance of the plaques in a case of oropharyngeal candidiasis?
What is typically the appearance of the plaques in a case of oropharyngeal candidiasis?
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In individuals living with HIV, TB risk is increased by how many times?
In individuals living with HIV, TB risk is increased by how many times?
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What bodily system is usually affected by Kaposi's sarcoma?
What bodily system is usually affected by Kaposi's sarcoma?
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What symptom is NOT associated with respiratory issues in people living with HIV/AIDS?
What symptom is NOT associated with respiratory issues in people living with HIV/AIDS?
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Which virus is responsible for causing hairy leukoplakia?
Which virus is responsible for causing hairy leukoplakia?
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What lifestyle change might reduce modifiable cancer risk in individuals with HIV/AIDS?
What lifestyle change might reduce modifiable cancer risk in individuals with HIV/AIDS?
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What percentage of HIV positive individuals in the Park et al. study were smokers?
What percentage of HIV positive individuals in the Park et al. study were smokers?
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Which of the following is a common method of HIV transmission in the UK?
Which of the following is a common method of HIV transmission in the UK?
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Which condition is most often seen in individuals with compromised immune systems?
Which condition is most often seen in individuals with compromised immune systems?
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What is the significance of modifiable cancer risks in people living with HIV/AIDS?
What is the significance of modifiable cancer risks in people living with HIV/AIDS?
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Which demographic group showed the highest infection rates of anal HPV in the study?
Which demographic group showed the highest infection rates of anal HPV in the study?
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What is the recommended amount of alcohol consumption per week to reduce cancer risk in HIV positive individuals?
What is the recommended amount of alcohol consumption per week to reduce cancer risk in HIV positive individuals?
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What kind of discomfort can oral hairy leukoplakia cause?
What kind of discomfort can oral hairy leukoplakia cause?
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Study Notes
HIV, AIDS, and Immunodeficiency
- Immunodeficiency weakens the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections, cancers, and other diseases.
- HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that can lead to AIDS.
- AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) occurs when HIV severely damages the immune system, resulting in life-threatening infections and illnesses.
- HIV stages include seroconversion illness (often asymptomatic or influenza-like), the asymptomatic stage (long-lasting), symptomatic HIV (development of infections), and late-stage HIV (AIDS-defining conditions).
- HIV is found in various bodily fluids, primarily semen, vaginal fluids, blood, and breast milk.
- The most frequent mode of HIV transmission in the UK involves unprotected anal or vaginal sex.
- HIV transmission via oral sex is relatively rare.
- HIV is not spread through sweat, urine or saliva.
- Risk factors include other STIs, sharing needles, unsafe injections, and blood transfusions.
- Diagnosis involves an HIV test.
- PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) is emergency HIV medicine taken within 72 hours of exposure and can prevent contracting HIV.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral medicines (ART) to stop the virus's replication and aims for an undetectable viral load.
Learning Outcomes
- Knowledge of HIV, AIDS, & Immunodeficiency is essential
- Understanding of the stages and symptoms of HIV
- Knowledge of HIV transmission and risk factors is necessary.
- Awareness of current testing and treatment options is crucial.
Intended Learning Outcomes
- Develop extensive knowledge about HIV.
- Define terms like HIV, AIDS, and Immunodeficiency.
- Identify the different stages of HIV infection.
- Understanding of the signs and symptoms associated with HIV.
Immunodeficiency
- Immunodeficiency results in increased risk of infection, cancer, and other illnesses.
- This is due to the immune systems inability to fight off infections.
Examples of Immunodeficiency Diseases
- Ataxia-telangiectasia
- Chediak-Higashi syndrome
- Hypogammaglobulinemia
- Leukocyte adhesion defects
- Combined immunodeficiency disease
- AIDS
- HIV
History of HIV/AIDS
- In 1983, Luc Montagnier suspected a virus as the cause of HIV, and teamed up with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi to find the retrovirus.
- The cut hunter hypothesis suggests HIV originated in chimpanzees and spread to humans through hunting and contact with infected blood.
What is AIDS?
- AIDS is a set of conditions arising from immune system damage from HIV.
- HIV damage leads to life-threatening illnesses and infection.
HIV Stages
- Stage 1 (Seroconversion): Short illness after HIV contraction.
- Stage 2 (Asymptomatic): No visible symptoms, but virus is active and damages the immune system.
- Stage 3 (Symptomatic): Infections and illnesses arise due to a very weakened immune system.
- Stage 4 (Late-stage/AIDS-defining illness): Severe immune deficiency leads to opportunistic infections and cancers.
Common AIDS-Defining Illnesses
- Candidiasis
- Cervical cancer
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Cryptococcosis
- Cryptosporidiosis
- Cytomegalovirus disease/CMV
- Encephalopathy (HIV related)
- Herpes simplex
- Histoplasmosis
- Isosporiasis
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- Lymphoma (Burkitt's, immunoblastic)
- Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB).
- Mycobacterium/other species
- Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
- Pneumonia (recurrent)
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
- Salmonella septicemia (recurrent)
- Toxoplasmosis of brain
- Wasting syndrome
Common AIDS-Defining Illnesses (Specific examples)
- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Cancer of the lymphatic system, often painless lymph node swelling.
- Tuberculosis (TB): Bacterial infection increasing risk with HIV, resulting in HIV/TB coinfection.
- Cryptococcal Meningitis: Fungal infection, causing brain infection (not contagious.)
- Cachexia (Wasting Syndrome): Complex process of sudden weight loss/mass loss.
- Kaposi's sarcoma (KS): Cancer caused by Herpesvirus type 8(HHV-8). Most don't develop this cancer but can also affect lymphatic systems and organs.
- Hairy leukoplakia: Oral condition triggered by Epstein-Barr Virus. Warning sign for a weak immune system and potentially HIV.
Viral load
- Viral load measures the amount of HIV in the blood.
- A low viral load indicates effective treatment and reduced risk of transmission.
HIV Treatment
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a combination of drugs taken daily.
- The goal is to achieve an undetectable viral load, to help protect other people.
Risk Factors for HIV
- Recent exposure to infected fluids.
- Other STIs
- Injecting drug use
- Unsafe injections
- High-risk sexual behaviours without using prophylactic measures
- Blood transfusions and tissue transplantation.
Prevention
- Condoms for sex
- PrEP
- PEP
Gender and Ethnicity Distribution
- Focus on men and women living with HIV infection and ethnicity within the UK
UK Statistics
- Number of people living with HIV in 2019.
- Percentage of people diagnosed and not diagnosed.
In the Surgery
- Correct Patient Management Practices: Proper infection control (universal precautions), respectful treatment, and avoiding assumptions are key.
Avoiding Stigma
- The presence of stigma and discrimination is noted.
General Health and Wellbeing
- Promote overall health strategies like regular exercise, balanced diet, avoiding smoking, and optimal oral hygiene to support people with HIV.
Additional Information-
- List of learning outcomes and possible learning methods was included.
- Explanations of important medical terminology.
- Specific types of HIV diagnosis and transmission was covered.
- Treatment pathways and prevention strategies were explored.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential aspects of HIV and AIDS, including the virus's transmission, stages of infection, and its impact on the immune system. Learn about the risk factors and how the condition develops over time. Gain a better understanding of this critical health issue.
