محركات الاحتراق الداخلي - السنة الرابعة
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ما هي استخدامات محركات الاحتراق الداخلي عمومًا؟

  • توفير الدفء في الشتاء
  • تشغيل أجهزة الكمبيوتر
  • تشغيل القطارات و السفن و توليد الطاقة الكهربائية (correct)
  • توفير الضوء
  • ما هي أنواع محركات الاحتراق الداخلي؟

  • محركات الاحتراق الخارجي
  • أ، ب فقط
  • محركات الاحتراق الداخلي
  • محركات الاحتراق النووي
  • جميع ما سبق (correct)
  • ما هي ميزة محرك الاحتراق الداخلي؟

  • سهولة الصيانة
  • جميع ما سبق (correct)
  • صغر الحجم
  • كفاءة عالية
  • تستعمل محركات البنزين خليطًا من الهواء و الوقود

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    تستعمل محركات الغاز خليطًا من الهواء و الوقود

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي مكونات أساسية لمحرك الاحتراق الداخلي؟

    <p>الأسطوانة، المكبس ، عمود الكامات ، عمود دوران ، شمعة الإشعال (في محركات البنزين) ، مضخة الوقود ، مدخل الهواء ، مخرج العادم.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هو دور عمود الكامات في محرك الاحتراق الداخلي؟

    <p>يفتح و يغلق صمامات مدخل الهواء و مخرج العادم في الوقت المناسب ، مما يسمح بدخول خليط الوقود و الهواء إلى الأسطوانة وخروج غازات العادم منها.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هو دور شمعة الإشعال في محركات البنزين؟

    <p>يُعد شمعة الإشعال عاملًا أساسيًا في اشتعال خليط الوقود والهواء في الأسطوانة، مما يُشعل شرارة تُشعل الخليط ليُنتج قوة دفع تدير المكبس.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي وظيفة المكبس في تشغيل محرك الاحتراق الداخلي؟

    <p>يساعد المكبس في تحويل الطاقة الحرارية من احتراق الوقود إلى طاقة ميكانيكية، حيث يتحرك المكبس لأعلى و لأسفل داخل الأسطوانة، مما يُشغل عمود دوران.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي وظيفة 'قلب المحرك' (Crankcase) في محرك الاحتراق الداخلي؟

    <p>يُعد 'قلب المحرك' الجزء الرئيسي الذي يربط أسطوانة المحرك بأجزائه الأخرى مثل عمود دوران وعمود الكامات، ويُوفر السطح الذي تشغل عليه هذه الأجزاء.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي وظيفة 'العلبة' (Cylinder head) في محرك الاحتراق الداخلي؟

    <p>تُعد 'العلبة' غطاء أعلى الأسطوانة و تُثبت بمسامير، وتشتمل على 'العلبة' الصمامات التي تُحكم بواسطة عمود الكامات ، كما تحتوي على شمعة إشعال (في محركات البنزين).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي وظيفة صمامات مدخل الهواء و مخرج العادم في تشغيل محرك الاحتراق الداخلي؟

    <p>تُعد صمامات مدخل الهواء و مخرج العادم مسئولة عن دخول خليط الوقود والهواء إلى الأسطوانة و خروج غازات العادم منها في الوقت المناسب ، مما يُتحكم في فترة اشتعال الوقود و سريان الغازات داخل المحرك.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي العوامل التي تؤثر على 'نسبة الانضغاط' (Compression ratio) في محرك الاحتراق الداخلي؟

    <p>تُحدد 'نسبة الانضغاط' بواسطة 'حجم الأسطوانة' (Cylinder volume) و 'حجم الفراغ' (Clearance volume) ، حيث تُحسب 'نسبة الانضغاط' بقسمة 'حجم الأسطوانة' على 'حجم الفراغ'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هو دور 'مضخة الوقود' (Fuel pump) في تشغيل محرك الاحتراق الداخلي؟

    <p>تقوم 'مضخة الوقود' بضخ الوقود من خزان الوقود إلى 'خط الوقود' ، ثم تُسلم الوقود إلى 'حجرة الاحتراق' (Combustion chamber) لتشغيل المحرك.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two principal classes of heat engines?

    <p>Internal combustion engines and external combustion engines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the flywheel in an internal combustion engine?

    <p>To store excess energy during the power stroke and return it during other strokes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is typically used for the cylinder block in heavy-duty engines?

    <p>Steel alloys or aluminum alloys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the opening in the cylinder head that connects to the inlet valve?

    <p>Inlet port</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the system of pipes connecting the inlet ports of various cylinders to a common air or air-fuel intake for the engine?

    <p>Inlet manifold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the system of pipes connecting the exhaust ports of various cylinders to a common exhaust pipe?

    <p>Exhaust manifold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The piston in an internal combustion engine is typically made of aluminum alloy.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the connecting rod in an internal combustion engine?

    <p>To connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit motion and thrust (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the main body of the engine to which the cylinders are attached, containing the crankshaft and bearings?

    <p>Crankcase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the crankshaft in an internal combustion engine?

    <p>To convert reciprocating motion into rotational motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ratio of the cylinder volume to the clearance volume is referred to as the compression ratio.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of engine configuration is commonly used in passenger cars?

    <p>Square (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of engine configuration is often used for heavy hauling and vocational work?

    <p>Undersquare (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oversquare engines are commonly used in cars with spark ignition (SI) systems.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inside diameter of the cylinder is called the ...?

    <p>Bore (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the distance that the piston travels from its topmost to its bottommost position in the cylinder?

    <p>Stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume swept by the piston as it moves between the top dead center and the bottom dead center?

    <p>Displacement volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume confined in the cylinder above the piston when the piston is at top dead center?

    <p>Clearance volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ratio of the cylinder volume to the clearance volume?

    <p>Compression ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher compression ratios generally lead to improved engine efficiency and power output.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the compression ratio is too high?

    <p>The engine may experience knocking or detonation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A short stroke engine is also known as an oversquare engine.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A long stroke engine is also known as an undersquare engine.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of engine configuration used in passenger cars?

    <p>Square (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of engine configuration is preferred for heavy-duty applications like trucks?

    <p>Undersquare (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oversquare engines excel in high-speed operation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The engine block serves as a foundation for the engine, providing a mounting point for the cylinders and other engine components.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The crankshaft is responsible for converting the rotational motion of the pistons into linear motion for the vehicle's wheels.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft, transferring the force of the piston's motion to the crankshaft.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flywheel serves to store energy during the power stroke and releases it during other strokes, smoothing out the engine's rotation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aluminum alloys are commonly used for pistons due to their high strength and light weight, making them suitable for high-performance applications.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of engine configuration?

    <p>Round (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An engine with a longer stroke than its bore is considered an undersquare engine.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An engine with a shorter stroke than its bore is considered an oversquare engine.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'bore' refers to the distance the piston travels within the cylinder.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An engine with a bore and stroke of the same length is referred to as a 'square engine'.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    محركات الاحتراق الداخلي

    محركات تحرق الوقود داخل الأسطوانات، مُنتجةً قوة دفع.

    محركات الاحتراق الخارجي

    محركات تحرق الوقود خارج الأسطوانات، مثل محركات البخار.

    الأسطوانة

    الحاوية الأسطوانية التي يتحرك فيها المكبس.

    المكبس

    جزء يتحرك ذهابًا وإيابًا داخل الأسطوانة.

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    صمامات الدخول

    تسمح بدخول الهواء أو خليط الوقود والهواء إلى الأسطوانة.

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    صمامات العادم

    تصريف منتجات الاحتراق من الأسطوانة.

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    عمود الكامات

    يُحرك الصمامات لفتحها وإغلاقها.

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    عمود المرفق

    يُحول حركة المكبس الدورانية.

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    مقبض التوصيل

    يُوصل المكبس إلى عمود المرفق ويُنقل قوة الاحتراق.

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    كتلة الأسطوانات

    تُدعم الأسطوانات وتربطها بعمود المرفق.

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    غطاء الأسطوانة

    يُحيط بـ أعلى الأسطوانة ويحتوي على الصمامات.

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    سعة التجميع

    حجم الأسطوانة عندما يكون المكبس عند أدنى نقطة.

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    نسبة الانضغاط

    نسبة حجم الأسطوانة الكلي لقوة الحجم عند أعلى نقطة.

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    نسبة االستطالة

    نسبة السكتة لمقاس القطر الداخلي للأسطوانة.

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    المحرك المربع

    محرك له مسافة سكتة مساوية تقريبًا لقيم قطر الأسطوانة.

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    المحرك تحت المربع

    محرك له مسافة سكتة أكبر من قطر الأسطوانة.

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    المحرك فوق المربع

    محرك له مسافة سكتة أصغر من قطر الأسطوانة.

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    الدوران

    حركة الأسطوانة.

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    صمامات التهوية

    تتيح دخول الهواء أو خليط الوقود والهواء الى الأسطوانة

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    قوة دفع

    القوة الناتجة عن حرق الوقود.

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    الاحتراق

    تحويل الوقود إلى طاقة حرارية.

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    التحكم في الصمامات

    فتح وإغلاق الصمامات في وضعها المطلوب

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    غطاء الأسطوانة

    غطاء علوي للأسطوانة يحتوي على صمامات

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    What are the two main classes of heat engines?

    External combustion engines and internal combustion engines.

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    What are the two types of combustion engines?

    Internal combustion engines include gasoline (petrol) engines and diesel engines.

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    What is the name of the container in which combustion occurs?

    Cylinder

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    Why is the cylinder made of cast iron?

    Cast iron is strong enough to withstand high pressures and temperatures inside the engine.

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    What is the purpose of the piston?

    The piston converts the pressure from the combustion into linear motion.

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    What are the two main types of valves in an engine?

    Inlet valves and Exhaust valves.

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    What controls the opening and closing of the valves?

    Camshaft

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    What connects the piston to the crankshaft?

    Connecting rod

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    What converts reciprocating motion into rotational motion?

    Crankshaft

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    What stores energy during the power stroke?

    Flywheel

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    What is the inside diameter of the cylinder called?

    Bore

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    What is the distance the piston travels called?

    Stroke

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    What is the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the top?

    Clearance volume

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    What is the volume swept by the piston called?

    Swept volume or Displacement volume

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    What is the total volume of the cylinder called?

    Cylinder volume

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    What is the ratio of cylinder volume to clearance volume called?

    Compression ratio

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    What is an engine with equal or near equal bore and stroke called?

    Square engine

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    What is an engine with a stroke longer than the bore called?

    Under-square engine or Long-stroke engine

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    What is an engine with a stroke shorter than the bore called?

    Over-square engine or Short-stroke engine

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    What is the main benefit of a higher compression ratio?

    Higher compression ratio leads to increased thermal efficiency, meaning more power with less fuel.

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    What is the main drawback of a higher compression ratio?

    Higher compression ratio increases the risk of engine knock, a uncontrolled combustion that can damage the engine.

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    How does increasing the compression ratio affect fuel consumption?

    Increasing the compression ratio generally leads to lower fuel consumption.

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    What does a square engine excel at?

    Square engines are ideal for passenger cars, providing balance between performance and efficiency.

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    What does an under-square engine excel at?

    Under-square engines are efficient for heavy hauling and provide strong torque.

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    What does an over-square engine excel at?

    Over-square engines are suited for high speed applications.

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    Study Notes

    Internal Combustion Engines - Course Information

    • Course Details: Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, 4th Year
    • Lecturer: Dr. Mohamed Elmously
    • Academic Year: 2024-2025
    • Lecture Date: 10/2/2024

    Grade Distribution

    • Class attendance: 5%
    • Quizzes: 5%
    • Midterm: 20%
    • Oral Exam: 20%
    • Lab Presentations: 15%
    • Final Exam: 60% (15th week)

    Course Agenda (Course Content)

    • Engine Classifications
    • Engine Cycles
    • Engine Performance
    • Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines
    • Engine Emissions
    • Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines
    • Biodiesel Vehicles

    Lecture 01

    • Introduction to the lecture

    Heat Engines

    • Classification: Heat engines are categorized into two main types: External Combustion Engines and Internal Combustion Engines.
    • External Combustion Engines: Combustion occurs outside the engine cylinder. Examples include steam turbine and gas turbine.
    • Internal Combustion engines: Combustion takes place within the engine cylinder. There are various types: gas engines, petrol engines, and diesel engines.

    Principles of Internal Combustion Engines

    • Engine Construction:
      • Cylinder Block: Supports the cylinder and other components.
      • Cylinder Head: Encloses the top of the cylinder, typically bolted to the block with a gasket.
      • Inlet and Exhaust Valves: Control the flow of air and exhaust gases. The inlet valve admits the air or fuel-air mixture, while the exhaust valve releases the products of combustion.
      • Piston: A component that moves up and down within the cylinder, converting the energy of combustion into mechanical work.
      • Connecting Rod: Connects the piston to the crankshaft, transmitting the motion and thrust of the piston to it.
      • Crankshaft: Rotational component converting the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotational motion. Parts include Rod Journals and Main Journals.
      • Flywheel: A heavy wheel on the crankshaft, used to store and release energy, maintaining constant speed.

    Basic Components of an IC Engine

    • Cylinder Block
    • Cylinder
    • Piston
    • Combustion Chamber
    • Inlet Manifold
    • Exhaust Manifold
    • Inlet & Exhaust Valve
    • Spark Plug
    • Connecting Rod
    • Crankshaft
    • Piston Ring
    • Gudgeon Pin
    • Camshaft

    Fuel Injection vs. Carburetor

    • Fuel Injection: A more efficient and modern method of delivering fuel to the combustion chamber.
    • Carburetor: A traditional method that mixes fuel and air.

    Principles of Internal Combustion Engines (Additional Information)

    • Piston Material: Usually aluminum alloy, for efficient heat transfer.
    • Cylinder Ports and Manifolds: Inlet and exhaust passages from the cylinder head to the valves are termed as ports. The systems of pipes to connect the ports from various cylinders to a common air/fuel intake are known as Manifolds: Inlet Manifold and Exhaust Manifold.

    Principles of Internal Combustion Engines

    • Cylinder Geometry: Cylinders are cylindrical-shaped and are often of specific proportions, such as: square, under-square, and over-square. The bore refers to the inside diameter of the cylinder. The ratio of bore and stroke is often referred to as bore/stroke ratio.
      • Square Engine: Bore and stroke (length) have nearly similar dimensions.
      • Under-square Engine: Stroke is larger than the bore.
      • Over-square Engine: Stroke is smaller than the bore.
    • Compression Ratio: Relates the volume cylinder at the bottom, or bottom dead center (BDC) position, to the clearance volume at top dead center (TDC).

    Other key concepts

    • Importance of Compression Ratio: Higher compression ratios improve engine efficiency and power.
    • Knocking in Engines: Potential harm to engine if high compression.
    • Reducing Compression Ratio: Reduces risks of knocking but also decreases efficiency and performance (power).

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    Description

    تتناول هذه الدورة في هندسة الطاقة الميكانيكية كل ما يتعلق بمحركات الاحتراق الداخلي، بما في ذلك تصنيفات المحركات، وأداء المحرك، وانبعاثات الاحتراق. سوف يتعرف الطلاب على مفاهيم مهمة مثل السيارات التي تعمل بالديزل الحيوي وعمليات الاحتراق في محركات الإشعال الشراري.

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