MHC and Transplantation Basics
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MHC and Transplantation Basics

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Questions and Answers

Why is MHC I essential in presenting antigens to CD8 T cells?

  • To present intracellular antigens (correct)
  • To present extracellular antigens
  • To activate CD4 T cells
  • To induce inflammation

    • What is the main reason for the high diversity of MHC genes (HLA) among humans?

  • Each person carries 3 MHC II + 3 MHC I
  • MHC genes are not involved in self/non-self discrimination
  • There are multiple possible alleles for each MHC gene (correct)
  • MHC genes are not expressed in nucleated cells

    • Which factors reduce the rejection of transplanted organs?

  • MHC incompatibility
  • ABO blood group mismatch
  • Presence of inflammation
  • Living donor (correct)

    • What distinguishes hyperacute rejection from acute rejection in transplantation?

    <p>Pre-existing 'natural' antibodies causing type II hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic rejection primarily occur in transplantation?

    <p>Through the indirect mechanism involving CD4 T cells supporting B cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for avoiding ABO blood group mismatch in organ transplantation?

    <p>'Natural' antibodies react with ABO blood groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of rejection do recipient APCs play a significant role?

    <p>'Indirect' rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is MHC compatibility often preferred between siblings for organ transplantation?

    <p>'Natural' antibodies are less reactive with sibling MHC antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Direct' rejection in transplantation involves the presentation of antigens by which cells?

    <p>'APCs'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for preventing hyperacute rejection in organ transplantation?

    <p>Blood typing and cross-matching before transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major reason why MHC genes (HLA in humans) are very diverse among humans?

    <p>To serve as major determinants of self/non-self recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection is primarily caused by pre-existing 'natural' antibodies reacting with blood or tissue in transplantation?

    <p>Hyperacute rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In transplantation, what is the function of the donor antigens that are foreign to the recipient and cause incompatibility?

    <p>Induce an immune response leading to rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does secondary rejection occur faster than primary rejection in transplantation?

    <p>Due to the presence of donor APCs presenting antigens to recipient T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of MHC I in transplantation regarding T cell interaction?

    <p>Presenting intracellular antigens to CD8 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes indirect rejection from direct rejection in transplantation?

    <p>The involvement of CD4 T cells in indirect rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature makes ABO blood group O a universal donor in organ transplantation?

    <p>'Natural' antibodies that do not react with either A or B antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is MHC II essential in presenting antigens to CD4 T cells?

    <p>MHC II presents extracellular antigens to CD4 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In organ transplantation, what is the primary cause of hyperacute rejection?

    <p>Pre-existing antibodies reacting with blood or tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for allograft being the most typical graft type?

    <p>It involves MHC compatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does indirect rejection primarily occur in organ transplantation?

    <p>Recipient APCs present donor antigens to recipient T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chronic rejection from acute rejection in organ transplantation?

    <p>Chronic rejection is mediated by direct mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ABO blood group O considered a universal donor in organ transplantation?

    <p>'Natural' antibodies react with A or B but not O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC I presents intracellular antigens to CD4 T cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each person carries 3 MHC I and 2 MHC II alleles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperacute rejection is primarily caused by CD4 T cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Living donor transplants are associated with increased inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic rejection in transplantation is primarily mediated by CD8 T cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ABO blood group O is considered a universal donor because of lacking carb antigens.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute rejection in transplantation involves the accumulation of antibodies over years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Direct rejection in transplantation requires no MHC similarity between donor and recipient.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indirect rejection in transplantation primarily involves donor APCs presenting antigens to recipient T cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC compatibility is often preferred between siblings in organ transplantation due to less genetic diversity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral T cell tolerance can be achieved through clonal deletion, anergy, suppression, and ignorance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B cell tolerance mechanisms are more consistent and reliable compared to T cell tolerance mechanisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Younger individuals tend to be more tolerant to self-antigens compared to older ones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoimmune diseases primarily involve T cells rather than antibodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormonal factors play a significant role in autoimmune diseases, with men being more prone to developing them compared to women.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Absence of AIRE gene function prevents positive selection of T cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral B cell apoptosis occurs if somatic hypermutation leads them to be non-self-reactive.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tolerance through anergy may fail if self-antigens resemble pathogenic antigens or under certain cytokine conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Defects in regulatory T cells (Tregs) have no impact on autoimmune diseases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoimmune diseases are solely caused by genetic factors and not influenced by non-genetic elements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of tolerance is unique to B cells?

    <p>Peripheral apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could lead to the failure of anergy as a tolerance mechanism?

    <p>Presence of self-antigen resembling a pathogenic antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a non-genetic factor that can precipitate autoimmune disease?

    <p>Hormonal influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of autoimmune diseases involve both antibodies and T cells?

    <p>Myasthenia gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason that younger hosts are more tolerant to antigens?

    <p>Non-genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ of the body primarily prevents negative selection of T cells?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease involves the transfer of symptoms with antibodies?

    <p>Myasthenia gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Anergy' as a tolerance mechanism may fail under what condition?

    <p>'Anergy' around inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Peripheral apoptosis' is a unique mechanism of tolerance for which immune cell type?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases?

    <p>Majority are antibody-mediated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In autoimmune diseases, which factor primarily contributes to the failure of tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>Non-genetic factors only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes B cell tolerance mechanisms from T cell tolerance mechanisms in autoimmune diseases?

    <p>Presence of anergy in B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are younger hosts more tolerant to antigens compared to older hosts?

    <p>Tolerance induction in early life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ of the body plays a crucial role in preventing negative selection of T cells?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of autoimmune diseases primarily involve both antibodies and T cells?

    <p><strong>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tolerance mechanism may fail if self-antigens resemble pathogenic antigens or under inflammatory cytokine conditions?

    <p><strong>Anergy</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Peripheral apoptosis' is a unique mechanism of tolerance for which type of immune cells?

    <p><strong>B cells</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Absence of AIRE prevents (-) selection of T cells' - What does this statement imply about AIRE function?

    <p><strong>AIRE induces negative selection of T cells</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'AI disease caused by Ab’s, T cells, or both' - Which autoimmune disease involves antibody-mediated responses primarily?

    <p><strong>Myasthenia gravis</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by the absence of B cells and antibodies?

    <p>Bruton’s X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of IL-12 deficiency in the immune system?

    <p>Absence of T helper cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by high levels of IgM and the inability to class switch?

    <p>Hyper IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of SCID among combined B and T cell immunodeficiencies?

    <p>Deficiency in lymphocyte precursors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complement deficiency disorder leads to dangerous laryngeal edema?

    <p>Hereditary angioedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which immunodeficiency disorder do neutrophils form large, obstructive granulomas due to their inability to kill ingested microbes?

    <p>Chronic granulomatous disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of T cell deficiency in DiGeorge syndrome?

    <p>No thymus present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Chronic mucocutaneous Candidiasis' is primarily deficient in responding to which pathogen?

    <p>(Fungal) Candida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'ADA/PNP deficiency' mainly impacts which stage of immune cell development?

    <p>(Pre-thymic) Lymphocyte precursors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for avoiding ABO blood group mismatch in organ transplantation?

    <p>Hyperacute rejection due to pre-existing antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In organ transplantation, what is the primary cause of hyperacute rejection?

    <p>Antibodies reacting with blood or tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ABO blood group O considered a universal donor in organ transplantation?

    <p>Lacks carb antigens that can trigger immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Peripheral apoptosis' is a unique mechanism of tolerance for which immune cell type?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Anergy' as a tolerance mechanism may fail under what condition?

    <p>Presence of pathogenic antigens mimicking self-antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Absence of AIRE prevents (-) selection of T cells' - What does this statement imply about AIRE function?

    <p>AIRE facilitates negative selection of autoreactive T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'AI disease caused by Ab’s, T cells, or both' - Which autoimmune disease involves antibody-mediated responses primarily?

    <p><strong>Systemic lupus erythematosus</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Absence of AIRE prevents (-) selection of T cells' - What does this statement imply about AIRE function?

    <p><strong>AIRE facilitates negative selection of autoreactive T cells</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'AI disease caused by Ab’s, T cells, or both' - Which autoimmune disease involves antibody-mediated responses primarily?

    <p><strong>Systemic lupus erythematosus</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are younger hosts more tolerant to antigens compared to older hosts?

    <p>Higher regulatory T cell activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection is commonly seen in individuals with TLR7 deficiency?

    <p>Legionella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results in common variable hypogammaglobulinemia in young adults?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus binds to CD4 on T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine expresses more than one epitope or epitopes from multiple pathogens?

    <p>Conjugate vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about passive immunization?

    <p>It can be achieved through monoclonal antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a characteristic of tumor antigens (TAA’s)?

    <p>Overexpressed proteins at the right time in the right place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method uses dye-tagged detection antibodies to detect antigens on live cells?

    <p>Immunofluorescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'FACS' is a technique used to identify, count, and isolate cells from a mixed population based on what characteristic?

    <p>'Fluorescence'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Stacking' and immobilizing Ag’s and Ab’s for detection is primarily associated with which technique?

    <p>'ELISA'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by the absence of B cells and antibodies?

    <p>Bruton’s X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complement deficiency disorder leads to dangerous laryngeal edema?

    <p>Hereditary angioedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which combined B and T cell immunodeficiency disorder does gene therapy offer a potential solution?

    <p>SCID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which T cell deficiency disorder is primarily characterized by a lack of thymus or parathyroid glands?

    <p>DiGeorge syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by neutrophils forming large, obstructive granulomas due to their inability to kill ingested microbes?

    <p>Chronic granulomatous disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital immunodeficiency disorder is primarily deficient only in response to Candida?

    <p>Chronic mucocutaneous Candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary immunodeficiency disorder leads to mycobacterial infections due to the absence of Th1 cells?

    <p>IL-12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'No T cell help' is a characteristic feature of which X-linked immunodeficiency disorder affecting male infants?

    <p>Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hereditary immunodeficiency disorder involves high IgM levels and the inability to class switch due to failed CD40L?

    <p>Hyper IgM syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital immunodeficiency disorder reduces lymphocyte precursors and offers the potential for gene therapy as a treatment?

    <p>SCID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Congenital B cell immunodeficiencies manifest as fungal infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DiGeorge syndrome is characterized by the absence of B cells and antibodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyper IgM syndrome is caused by low levels of IgM and successful class switching.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SCID is primarily an X-linked disorder affecting IL-2 receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complement deficiencies lead to chronic granulomatous disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocyte deficiencies result in large, obstructive granulomas forming in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deficiencies in PRRs affect the recognition of bacterial flagella primarily.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome affects females due to an autosomal inheritance pattern.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADA/PNP deficiency results in excessive production of lymphocyte precursors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ataxia-Telangiectasia is characterized by successful DNA repair mechanisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monoclonal antibodies produced by fusing a spleen lymphocyte from an immunized mouse with a mouse myeloma cell are immortal and can produce antibodies to multiple epitopes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccines protect against all strains of a pathogen, not just the strain to which the immune response is raised.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive immunization involves transferring antibodies made in another individual or organism to confer immediate immunity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herd immunity is achieved when vaccinated individuals are unlikely to come in contact with unvaccinated individuals in their subpopulation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antigens expressed on tumor cells may be self proteins over-expressed, mutated, or expressed at the right time and place.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NK cells primarily target tumor cells with high MHC expression levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flow cytometry and FACS can identify, count, and isolate dead cells from a mixed population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunofluorescence uses radioactive detection antibodies to detect antigens on live cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Western blot is clinically important for confirming HIV infection through the initial detection by radioimmunoassay.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ELISA links an enzyme to a primary antibody and catalyzes a color-producing reaction detected with a spectrophotometer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

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