MHC and Transplantation Basics

Why is MHC I essential in presenting antigens to CD8 T cells?

What is the main reason for the high diversity of MHC genes (HLA) among humans?

Which factors reduce the rejection of transplanted organs?

What distinguishes hyperacute rejection from acute rejection in transplantation?

How does chronic rejection primarily occur in transplantation?

What is the primary reason for avoiding ABO blood group mismatch in organ transplantation?

In which type of rejection do recipient APCs play a significant role?

Why is MHC compatibility often preferred between siblings for organ transplantation?

'Direct' rejection in transplantation involves the presentation of antigens by which cells?

What is the primary reason for preventing hyperacute rejection in organ transplantation?

What is a major reason why MHC genes (HLA in humans) are very diverse among humans?

Which type of rejection is primarily caused by pre-existing 'natural' antibodies reacting with blood or tissue in transplantation?

In transplantation, what is the function of the donor antigens that are foreign to the recipient and cause incompatibility?

Why does secondary rejection occur faster than primary rejection in transplantation?

What is the primary function of MHC I in transplantation regarding T cell interaction?

What characteristic distinguishes indirect rejection from direct rejection in transplantation?

What feature makes ABO blood group O a universal donor in organ transplantation?

Why is MHC II essential in presenting antigens to CD4 T cells?

In organ transplantation, what is the primary cause of hyperacute rejection?

What is the main reason for allograft being the most typical graft type?

How does indirect rejection primarily occur in organ transplantation?

What distinguishes chronic rejection from acute rejection in organ transplantation?

Why is ABO blood group O considered a universal donor in organ transplantation?

MHC I presents intracellular antigens to CD4 T cells.

Each person carries 3 MHC I and 2 MHC II alleles.

Hyperacute rejection is primarily caused by CD4 T cells.

Living donor transplants are associated with increased inflammation.

Chronic rejection in transplantation is primarily mediated by CD8 T cells.

ABO blood group O is considered a universal donor because of lacking carb antigens.

Acute rejection in transplantation involves the accumulation of antibodies over years.

Direct rejection in transplantation requires no MHC similarity between donor and recipient.

Indirect rejection in transplantation primarily involves donor APCs presenting antigens to recipient T cells.

MHC compatibility is often preferred between siblings in organ transplantation due to less genetic diversity.

Peripheral T cell tolerance can be achieved through clonal deletion, anergy, suppression, and ignorance.

B cell tolerance mechanisms are more consistent and reliable compared to T cell tolerance mechanisms.

Younger individuals tend to be more tolerant to self-antigens compared to older ones.

Autoimmune diseases primarily involve T cells rather than antibodies.

Hormonal factors play a significant role in autoimmune diseases, with men being more prone to developing them compared to women.

Absence of AIRE gene function prevents positive selection of T cells.

Peripheral B cell apoptosis occurs if somatic hypermutation leads them to be non-self-reactive.

Tolerance through anergy may fail if self-antigens resemble pathogenic antigens or under certain cytokine conditions.

Defects in regulatory T cells (Tregs) have no impact on autoimmune diseases.

Autoimmune diseases are solely caused by genetic factors and not influenced by non-genetic elements.

Which mechanism of tolerance is unique to B cells?

What could lead to the failure of anergy as a tolerance mechanism?

Which is a non-genetic factor that can precipitate autoimmune disease?

What type of autoimmune diseases involve both antibodies and T cells?

What is a reason that younger hosts are more tolerant to antigens?

Which organ of the body primarily prevents negative selection of T cells?

Which autoimmune disease involves the transfer of symptoms with antibodies?

'Anergy' as a tolerance mechanism may fail under what condition?

'Peripheral apoptosis' is a unique mechanism of tolerance for which immune cell type?

Which is a characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases?

In autoimmune diseases, which factor primarily contributes to the failure of tolerance mechanisms?

What distinguishes B cell tolerance mechanisms from T cell tolerance mechanisms in autoimmune diseases?

Why are younger hosts more tolerant to antigens compared to older hosts?

Which organ of the body plays a crucial role in preventing negative selection of T cells?

What type of autoimmune diseases primarily involve both antibodies and T cells?

Which tolerance mechanism may fail if self-antigens resemble pathogenic antigens or under inflammatory cytokine conditions?

'Peripheral apoptosis' is a unique mechanism of tolerance for which type of immune cells?

'Absence of AIRE prevents (-) selection of T cells' - What does this statement imply about AIRE function?

'AI disease caused by Ab’s, T cells, or both' - Which autoimmune disease involves antibody-mediated responses primarily?

Which congenital immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by the absence of B cells and antibodies?

What is the primary consequence of IL-12 deficiency in the immune system?

Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by high levels of IgM and the inability to class switch?

What is the characteristic feature of SCID among combined B and T cell immunodeficiencies?

Which complement deficiency disorder leads to dangerous laryngeal edema?

In which immunodeficiency disorder do neutrophils form large, obstructive granulomas due to their inability to kill ingested microbes?

What is the primary cause of T cell deficiency in DiGeorge syndrome?

'Chronic mucocutaneous Candidiasis' is primarily deficient in responding to which pathogen?

'ADA/PNP deficiency' mainly impacts which stage of immune cell development?

What is the primary reason for avoiding ABO blood group mismatch in organ transplantation?

In organ transplantation, what is the primary cause of hyperacute rejection?

Why is ABO blood group O considered a universal donor in organ transplantation?

'Peripheral apoptosis' is a unique mechanism of tolerance for which immune cell type?

'Anergy' as a tolerance mechanism may fail under what condition?

'Absence of AIRE prevents (-) selection of T cells' - What does this statement imply about AIRE function?

'AI disease caused by Ab’s, T cells, or both' - Which autoimmune disease involves antibody-mediated responses primarily?

'Absence of AIRE prevents (-) selection of T cells' - What does this statement imply about AIRE function?

'AI disease caused by Ab’s, T cells, or both' - Which autoimmune disease involves antibody-mediated responses primarily?

Why are younger hosts more tolerant to antigens compared to older hosts?

Which type of infection is commonly seen in individuals with TLR7 deficiency?

Which condition results in common variable hypogammaglobulinemia in young adults?

Which virus binds to CD4 on T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells?

Which type of vaccine expresses more than one epitope or epitopes from multiple pathogens?

Which statement is true about passive immunization?

Which is a characteristic of tumor antigens (TAA’s)?

Which method uses dye-tagged detection antibodies to detect antigens on live cells?

'FACS' is a technique used to identify, count, and isolate cells from a mixed population based on what characteristic?

'Stacking' and immobilizing Ag’s and Ab’s for detection is primarily associated with which technique?

Which congenital immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by the absence of B cells and antibodies?

What complement deficiency disorder leads to dangerous laryngeal edema?

In which combined B and T cell immunodeficiency disorder does gene therapy offer a potential solution?

Which T cell deficiency disorder is primarily characterized by a lack of thymus or parathyroid glands?

Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by neutrophils forming large, obstructive granulomas due to their inability to kill ingested microbes?

Which congenital immunodeficiency disorder is primarily deficient only in response to Candida?

Which primary immunodeficiency disorder leads to mycobacterial infections due to the absence of Th1 cells?

'No T cell help' is a characteristic feature of which X-linked immunodeficiency disorder affecting male infants?

Which hereditary immunodeficiency disorder involves high IgM levels and the inability to class switch due to failed CD40L?

Which congenital immunodeficiency disorder reduces lymphocyte precursors and offers the potential for gene therapy as a treatment?

Congenital B cell immunodeficiencies manifest as fungal infections.

DiGeorge syndrome is characterized by the absence of B cells and antibodies.

Hyper IgM syndrome is caused by low levels of IgM and successful class switching.

SCID is primarily an X-linked disorder affecting IL-2 receptors.

Complement deficiencies lead to chronic granulomatous disease.

Phagocyte deficiencies result in large, obstructive granulomas forming in the body.

Deficiencies in PRRs affect the recognition of bacterial flagella primarily.

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome affects females due to an autosomal inheritance pattern.

ADA/PNP deficiency results in excessive production of lymphocyte precursors.

Ataxia-Telangiectasia is characterized by successful DNA repair mechanisms.

Monoclonal antibodies produced by fusing a spleen lymphocyte from an immunized mouse with a mouse myeloma cell are immortal and can produce antibodies to multiple epitopes.

Vaccines protect against all strains of a pathogen, not just the strain to which the immune response is raised.

Passive immunization involves transferring antibodies made in another individual or organism to confer immediate immunity.

Herd immunity is achieved when vaccinated individuals are unlikely to come in contact with unvaccinated individuals in their subpopulation.

Antigens expressed on tumor cells may be self proteins over-expressed, mutated, or expressed at the right time and place.

NK cells primarily target tumor cells with high MHC expression levels.

Flow cytometry and FACS can identify, count, and isolate dead cells from a mixed population.

Immunofluorescence uses radioactive detection antibodies to detect antigens on live cells.

Western blot is clinically important for confirming HIV infection through the initial detection by radioimmunoassay.

ELISA links an enzyme to a primary antibody and catalyzes a color-producing reaction detected with a spectrophotometer.